Let us, briefly, summarize the Okonkwo character. Okonkwo was the son of a social never do well father. Apparently, he did not like the fact that he was a social nobody and resolved to “wash his hands well” so that he could eat with the do wells of his Igbo society. He was driven to succeed by all means necessary. As a young man, he excelled at wrestling (sports) and that brought him fame. He then threw himself into the work of his people, farming, and excelled at that, too.

The Igbos say: when a man says yes, his Chi says yes. At a relatively young age, Okonkwo had made it by his society’s standard of success. He had several wives and several children and by Igbo universal acclaim had made it into the decision makers' circle of his society. The born nobody is now a social somebody, a very important person, a VIP (the craving of human egos).

As a result of a dispute between Okonkwo’s village and another village, a lad, Ikemefuna, was given to Okonkwo’s village in restitution. The Village gave the lad to Okonkwo for safekeeping. For all practical purposes, the lad became a member of Okonkwo’s family and grew up with his children. The lad, in fact, called Okonkwo father.

Ikemefuna got to be one of the loveliest characters in Achebe’s novels. He was pleasant and music loving (like Okonkwo’s father). He was every person’s idea of a wholesome, loveable kid.

Apparently, the lad was destined to be killed and one day the village elders requested that he be brought to be killed, to avenge the killing of their fellow villager for whom he was given. Okonkwo not only brought the boy forward but volunteered to be the one who killed him. Okonkwo killed the boy, Ikemefuna.

Okonkwo’s killing of his step son, Ikemefuna, was what troubled me. I could not quite understand why he killed the boy.

There were other aspects of Okonkwo’s character that troubled me, such as his volcanic temper and impatience. His younger wife once made the mistake of disrespecting Okonkwo, and Okonkwo gave her the beating of her life. Okonkwo was a proud man and any one who dared make him lose social face was vigorously punished. Indeed, Okonkwo would kill to safe his social face. Okonkwo had no soft side to him; the man had no feeling of compassion and sympathy for any one; what mattered to him was to succeed, as defined by his society.

The Okonkwo character played itself out when white men came to his world. Like most true Africans, Okonkwo sensed the end of the world he knew and resented it. He wanted to maintain his world and to keep out the new world knocking at its doors.

First, the missionaries came knocking. The missionaries preached a strange religion, Christianity. This new religion talked about all people being the same and equal. This view, apparently, was unacceptable to Okonkwo. Okonkwo, apparently, preferred his Igbo society where some were deemed more important than others. After all, he, Okonkwo, had worked very had to make it into the ruling circle of his society and he was not about to accept that all men were created equal. He had grown up having no respect for his feminine, music loving and indolent father and now the new Christian dispensation tells him that all he had worked for was for nothing.

Okonkwo particularly resented the fact that the Osus (slaves) of his village were given the audacity by the Christians to believe that they were like everyone else. How dared Christians teach that all people are the same?

Things came to a head when the British authorities tried to establish their administrative and legal control over Okonkwo’s village and sent in their police (court messengers, Kotima) to enforce their law. Never mind the content of the law, the salient point is that an alien force, white men, had descended on Okonkwo’s village and are now the bosses of his world.

If Okonkwo acquiesced to the white man’s rule it meant that he had become a defeated man and is now like the slaves that he despised. Okonkwo could not accept this reality and chose to die. He died rather than accept the ruler ship of the white man.

Okonkwo’s death symbolized the defiant African who refused to embrace the white man’s culture; he remained a true African. Those that survived him became mixed breed, phony Africans like us.

(As an aside, my history is somewhat akin to Okonkwo’s. The White man came to my town, Umuohiagu, near Owerri, in 1902. My great grandfather, Njoku, led his people in fighting the white man’s army that was passing through his town, after subjugating the long juju of Arochukwu, “pacifying the lower Niger for British rule”. He was killed in that war. His son, Osuji, who was then ten years old, survived him. Osuji’s character is exactly like Okonkwo’s character; he was one continuous headache for the local NwaDC of his area. He was in and out of NwaDC’s court for defying their rule. Osuji never accepted the white man as his boss. But he was a smart defiant man; he recognized that hating the white man was one thing, not coping with extant political reality, is another. Thus, he sent his children to the white man’s school. Indeed, he donated the land on which the Holy Ghost Missionaries built their school and Church in his village. Osuji’s children, my father included, unabashedly embraced the new world order. Unlike Okonkwo, grandfather did not fight the leveling of society brought by Christians. The Osus of our town were accepted by us, Dialas.)

When I read about Okonkwo killing Ikemefuna I was so offended that the only thing that I could do was agree with the Christians that Okonkwo and the world he represented were primitive and deserved to be defeated and civilized. To me, it seemed that only a savage could have killed his own step son.

I do not believe that I ever forgave Okonkwo for killing Ikemefuna. In fact, that singular act, though fictional, made me ashamed to be Igbo. For a long time, I associated Igbos with primitivity.

I must add that my childhood home, Lagos, was not particularly kind to Igbos. I hate to say this but truth must be said: we, children, in the 1960s Lagos, actually called Igbos primitive folks (kobokobo). When a child came from the East we would go look at him to appreciate his alleged primitive qualities; he was not one of us and, generally, it took some time before we accepted him as one of us.

I used to wonder why Chinua Achebe wrote a book whose chief character exhibited primitive and, in street language, crazy qualities? I wished that he had made his chief character a civilized and sane person!

It took me the longest time to recognize that Achebe is a great artist and, as such, is beholden to the truth, only the truth and may God help him. He did not write his book to please his readers, to present a character that would universally be appreciated as a decent human being but was, apparently, motivated to portray a real Igbo character.

Achebe had to portray a man who struggled very hard to meet the criteria for his society’s expectations for acceptance. For him to have struggled to be accepted by his society, he had to admire his society. Because he valued his society, he struggled to maintain it and resented its demise, as was initiated by the dawn of the white man.

Okonkwo had to be who he was to make Achebe’s book poignant and realistic. If he was different he would not have made the case of a man representing his dying culture and struggling to preserve it in the face of unrelenting attack by a conquering foreign culture.

Okonkwo was an Igbo man per excellence. His problematic behavior was representative of problematic Igbo behavior patterns. (As noted, his personality and behavior reminds me of my grandfather’s indomitable character and behavior. I say this because I asked myself whether I am projecting, that is, seeing something in me that I do not like, dissociate from it, deny it and attribute it to other persons. I do not believe that I am externalizing anything in me. I understand the nature of the various ego defense mechanisms and how they work in people, and am mindful of employing any of them.)

I think that Achebe meant for Okonkwo to represent the Igbo character. (Since Achebe is still alive, I stand to be corrected by him.)

In as much as Okonkwo represents the Igbo character, what does he tell us about Igbos?

First, let us try to approach Okonkwo’s character from a psychological perspective. On the face of it, any mental health professional would diagnose Okonkwo as a rigid paranoid personality. (See David Shapiro, Autonomy and the Rigid Character, also his Neurotic Styles; David Swanson et al, The Paranoid; William Meissner, Paranoid Process and other books on paranoia, including the purely descriptive American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, sections on paranoia.)

Okonkwo exhibited all the classic symptoms of paranoid personality disorder. He felt inadequate and compensated with a desire to seem adequate, exaggerated adequacy. He felt inordinately inferior and restituted with pursuit of what Alfred Adler called fictional sense of superiority. He wanted to be a very important person. Of course, he was not a very important person; nevertheless, he acted as if he was a very important person.

Since Okonkwo’s sense of specialness was false, it had to be defended at all times. Defense of false superiority makes it seem real to the defender. A neurotic wants to seem important, acts important, defends importance and comes to think that he is, in fact, important. In clinical language, he has delusion of importance.

The person who wants to be important, generally, wants every person in his world to treat him as if he is important. If you treat him as if he is important he gets along with you, but if he suspects that you treat him as a social nobody, he feels angry at you. In this light, when Okonkwo’s wife treated him as if he was a nobody, by disobeying his orders, he beat her senselessly; in fact, he nearly killed the poor woman. He had to show her who was the boss, who had power, who was important, who was superior to whom, who must be obeyed.

The paranoid character fears being demeaned and will physically and or verbally (depending on whether he is the active or passive type) attacks you if you dare make him seem unimportant. He will quarrel with you if he felt that you publicly disgraced him, degraded him, belittled him, criticized him, humiliated him etc. His whole life is motivated by effort to seem important and you are asked to collude with him and validate that neurosis, and if not, you are seen as his enemy and attacked.

Okonkwo liked those who affirmed his social importance and resented those who made him remember what he fears in him, his sense of littleness. He sought grandeur, for he felt little.

In existential light, all human beings separated from their creator and, as a result, feel incomplete, imperfect and little; they then strive to seem complete, perfect and big; but they do so without reference to their creator hence must fail. Human beings seek importance and specialness on their own terms, ego terms, and must not obtain it until they return to their source. It is only in God, or whatever you choose to call your maker, that human beings have worth, value, meaning and purpose. Human beings did not create themselves and cannot give themselves value; they can only obtain real sense of value when they are rooted in God, not in seeking social praise. Nigerians, a godless people, feel like they are nothing and seek each others praise as a means of seeming existential importance, hence their ridiculous vanity and pursuit of prestige, but they can only obtain worth when they turn to God.

(If you are interested in clinical issues, paranoid personality is different from paranoia proper, aka delusional disorder and or schizophrenia, paranoid type. Paranoid personality is within the normal personality continuum, or, if you like, is neurosis…every human being, even the most normal person, has some neurosis, whereas delusional disorder and schizophrenia are psychoses. In delusional disorder the person believes what is not true as true. Some delusions are: grandiosity, belief in ones superiority to other people; persecutory, belief that other people are out to kill or harm one, feeling that other people are talking behind ones back, laughing at one etc; jealousy, belief that ones spouse is cheating on one and a tendency to beat her on account of that false suspicion; erotomanic, belief that very important persons are in love with one; somatic, belief that one has sickness that one does not have; in schizophrenia, in addition to delusions are hallucinations: hearing voices, seeing what is not there, feeling that things are crawling underneath ones skin, smelling what other people do not smell and other sensory disorder and, of course, thought disorder.)

Okonkwo did not exhibit delusions and hallucinations and, therefore, did not have psychoses; he was a neurotic, paranoid cum narcissistic type. The man was inordinately afraid…paranoia is intense fearfulness…but denied his fear and masked it with false courage, his bravadoes. His killing Ikemefuna exhibited his false courage for, obviously, he loved the boy, unless he was a total inhumane monster, but feared that if he shrunk from killing him that he would be perceived by members of his society as a wimp, a weakling; he wanted to be seen as a strong man and acted tough by killing the lovely boy.

I am sorry to say this but truth must be said. Many Igbos exhibit Okonkwo’s paranoid character traits. I have pointed these out in several writings and have probably encored the eternal hatred of Igbos. But harbingers of the truth cannot afford to shrink from articulating the truth, as they see it, even if it means encoring the hatred of other human beings.

Only the truth shall save us. The Igbos I see around me act boisterously in an apparent effort to seem courageous (false courage); they act as if they are tough and powerful, in an apparent effort to mask their weakness. Generally, they lack what are called the finer qualities of humanity: compassion, kindness, sympathy, caring, loving, forgiving etc. They are Okonkwo, pure and simple, character disordered persons.

Chinua Achebe, as a great artist, helped us understand our character structures. But he is not a mental health professional (psychiatrist, psychologist, clinical social worker) and, as such, cannot help us heal our problematic characters.

This writing is not interested in psychotherapy, in changing people, but merely observes how people are. I think that Achebe did all of us a great service in describing the Igbo character and Igbos ought to be grateful to him and seek ways to change it. Instead of denying the obvious, they ought to take the time to understand why they have their character traits and accentuate their positive aspects, while working to improve their negative aspects.

I am not in denial. As already noted, my grandfather was exactly like Okonkwo. All you had to do was disrespect the man, even slightly, and he punished you. I recall a poor man in the village who insulted grandmother and grandfather made sure that he was sent to jail, to teach him a lesson. What lesson was he taught? He was made to know the difference between important and unimportant persons.

I spent a couple of years with my grandparents in the village, in the 1960s, my parents sent me home to go learn Igbo language. Once my teacher flogged me and I went home and told grandfather about it and he insisted that he be removed from the school and he was. You did not mess with the man. His pride was humongous and his temper was volcanic. Anything that made him lose social face was intolerable. (I am the exact opposite of grandfather; I was a shy, introspect, philosophic, avoidant boy, that is, I desired acceptance from all persons, feared social rejection and pleased folks to get their acceptance and withdrew from those I felt would reject me; of course, I have worked on these traits and, today, could care less whether other folks accepted me or not; hence could say these unpalatable things about Igbos, aware that many of them would like to strangle me for revealing the skeletons in their closets.)

I think that it is about time we, Igbos, stopped being resentful of those who tell us the truth of who we are. Achebe is one of our greatest truth tellers. Unfortunately, he cast his truth telling in a fictional mode, made his prototypal Igbo a fictional character. But he was trying to tell us something about ourselves. We ought to stop and learn from the man.

I see Igbos everywhere motivated by fear of social rejection, of trying to attain the social indices of importance (if they have some brains they strive after PhD, they think that the doctorate makes them seem important…when I first got out of graduate school, if you did not address me as Dr Osuji, I felt slighted by you, but now, I actually feel insulted if you did for I do not take pride in having gone to white man’s schools; at any rate, what matters to me is the truth, not social honor). Some Igbos satisfy their vanity and pride through wealth and political power.

Look, these behaviors are not healthy. A healthy person is actuated by love and social service. Whatever you do in the spirit of love, to serve other people is healthy; but whatever you do to make you seem important, to enhance your prestige is unhealthy. I am telling you the truth; we ought to stop and think about it and stop making fools of ourselves via pursuit of infantile narcissism.

CONCLUSION

It has taken me many years to understand the difference between a great artist like Chinua Achebe and ordinary folks like me. Artists capture the human condition in a few words, perhaps, without even consciously knowing how they did it.

Achebe wrote Things fall apart when he was still in his twenties. It took me many more years than twenty eight to understand what the man was trying to tell us. And, I suspect that many folks out there have not understood what the man is telling us.

In portraying Okonkwo as a sick character, Achebe is probably telling us that we are sick characters.

My own humble contribution to this discourse is reminding us that sickness can be understood and healed.

To heal is to change; we can change our characters, from self centered to sociocentric, to loving and caring for all people.

Instead of Okonkwo killing Ikemefuna, the sensitive boy, a real human being, (killing his real self, in pursuit of his false ideal self) he could have defied his society’s insistence that he be killed and taught them to love and care for him, even if he came from another village and is given in restitution for an injury done to them. He could have practiced what Jesus Christ is trying to teach us: to love and forgive one another our sins (to be our real self, as symbolized by Ikemufuna, rather than reject and kill him).

We are all sinners and must forgive each other to have our own sins forgiven us. Love and care for all human beings. Do everything you do from the perspective of love and you cannot be (too) wrong. However, to love and care for all people you must have a healthy personality. A healthy personality works for the good of all society, what Alfred Adler called social interest, whereas a neurotic personality works for his self interests only, for what enhances his ego, his pride and vanity (and pays a heavy price, live in fear and unhappiness).

Peace and happiness lies in working for the public good. Try it; you would be pleasantly surprised to learn that real joy lies in serving our fellow human beings, not in seeking their praise and social acceptance, as Okonkwo did.

Ozodi Thomas Osuji

CONGRATULATIONS !

I hope this is the beginning of the confirmation of your courageous determination and research !

AIDS Activist Boyd Graves Addresses National Press Club in Washington, D.C. + UPDATE !
http://www.unobserver.com/index.php?pagina=layout4.php&id=1494&blz=1

BEST WISHES !
Paul
----- Original Message -----
From: Boyd E. Graves, J.D.
To: P. Rafferty ; struckvail@aol.com ; Project on Government Secrecy ; Congresswoman Stephanie Tubbs Jones ; Congresswoman Susan A. Davis
Cc: africameetsafrica@myway.com ; realestatewealth@comcast.net ; appulijaasi550@hotmail.com ; gollaway@msn.com ; dionysus@mail.ukans.edu ; suncity@sun-city.net ; zygote@sunflower.com ; vgammill@adelphia.net ; ccichf@san.rr.com ; bioGerminator@aol.com ; thickwoods@hotmail.com ; homean1305@aol.com ; EBosu74@aol.com ; kongodoc@instanet.com ; kcamm23063@aol.com ; sdarius99@hotmail.com ; edrobsr45@aol.com ; ktafrica@aol.com ; LFSbob@aol.com ; The_Insider@postmaster.co.uk ; unaids@unaids.org ; bradp@poz.com ; nhare@blackthinktank.com ; admin@africasia.com ; struckvail@aol.com ; streffinger@plaind.com ; foia@nsf.org ; email@freedominfo.org ; dchristian@psc.gov ; mark.hunter@dallasexaminer.com ; stsmith@globe.com ; len@tetrahedron.org ; gnicolson@immed.org ; Dr. Bob Gallo ; fboyle@law.uiuc.edu ; drsnead@satx.rr.com ; gulfwar@dam.net ; o_akkebala@msn.com
Sent: Thursday, March 04, 2004 9:12 AM
Subject: 1971 AIDS DEVELOPMENT FLOWCHART "TOO MUCH" FOR NATIONAL PRESS CLUB

1971 AIDS DEVELOPMENT FLOWCHART WOWS THE NATIONAL PRESS!
Last night the National Prtess got a dose of their own medicine. The 1971 flowchart, the "research logic" of the U.S. Special Virus program proved to be too much for an on hand skeptic. A former medical docror for the U.S. government had to concede to the legitimacy of the document and the realization the United States government had played an "intentional" role in the "design", "production" and "proliferation" of the synthetic HIV/AIDS virus.
Quickly one realizes the U.S. press has played a joint role in its failure to let the people know the truth. In light of the 'visna sheep disease cells' in HIV, and the U.S. confession in 1971 that visna had not YET been associated with human disease, the govt's medical doctor, last night, amounted a very small challenge to the reality that the U.S. Special Virus program is the birthplace of HIV/AIDS.
We are hopeful that Congresswoman Stephanie Tubbs Jones will now call for the Congressional investigation of the U.S. Special Virus program. According to U.S. law, the 1971 flowchart and the progress reports are (some) evidence of the laboratory birth of AIDS. The people simply want the rest of the truth; the official documents of the U. S. Special Virus program (1948 - 1978).
Tomorrow we take the U.S. patented cure to the Ambassador from Uganda and will subsequently meet with Angelique Shofar of "Africa Meets Africa".
We believe the United Nations must finally show leadership and backbone and support with action and proper allocation, the immediate implementation of the "double blind" clinical trials of the U.S. patented cure for AIDS, patent #5676977.
FOR THE LAST FIVE YEARS THE 1971 FLOWCHART CONTINUES TO OFFER ABSOLUTE EVIDENCE OF THE IATROGENIC ORIGIN OF AIDS.

I AM IN VIRGINA. 703-435-2700, ROOM 112. Thanx, Boyd Ed Graves.
To reach my Virginia host (Bob Gollaway) 703-929-4778
To ORDER from my website: call 1-866-246-2772 (Joel Bales, Zygote Media, Lawrence, Kansas

"P. Rafferty" wrote:
AIDS Activist Boyd Graves Addresses National Press Club in Washington, D.C.
http://www.unobserver.com/index.php?pagina=layout4.php&id=1494&blz=1

BEST WISHES !!!!!
Paul
----- Original Message -----
From: Boyd E. Graves, J.D.
To: struckvail@aol.com ; Project on Government Secrecy ; Congresswoman Stephanie Tubbs Jones ; Congresswoman Susan A. Davis
Cc: prafferty@unobserver.com ; The_Insider@postmaster.co.uk ; unaids@unaids.org ; bradp@poz.com ; nhare@blackthinktank.com ; admin@africasia.com ; struckvail@aol.com ; streffinger@plaind.com ; foia@nsf.org ; email@freedominfo.org ; dchristian@psc.gov ; mark.hunter@dallasexaminer.com ; stsmith@globe.com ; len@tetrahedron.org ; gnicolson@immed.org ; Dr. Bob Gallo ; fboyle@law.uiuc.edu ; drsnead@satx.rr.com ; gulfwar@dam.net ; bioGerminator@aol.com ; o_akkebala@msn.com
Sent: Sunday, February 29, 2004 4:57 AM
Subject: AIDS LAWYER BOYD GRAVES TO ADDRESS THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB 3/3/4

PLEASE CALL BOB GALLOWAY TO RESERVE A SEAT AT OUR TABLE FOR WEDNESDAY EVENING'S DINNER AND PRESENTATION BY BOYD ED GRAVES ATHTHE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB AT 6:30P.M. I am the guest of Mr. John Hurley, Chirman of the Sarah McClendon room, there at the National Press Building.

BOB'S NUMBER IS 703-929-4778

tO REACJ ME DIRECTLY: 216-382-9252. THANX, Boyd Ed Graves.

Boyd Graves wrote:
NEXT FRIDAY: THE UGANDAN EMBASSY WILL RECEIVE THE 1971 FLOWCHART OF THE U.S. SPECIAL AIDS VIRUS PROGRAM AS WELL AS THE ABSTRACT ON THE U.S. PATENTED CURE FOR AIDS, PATENT#5676977.

ALSO THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB MAY HOST THE FLOWCHART AT NOON.
CONTACT JOHN HURLEY, CHAIRMAN: SARAH MCcLENDON ROOM.

PLEASE GIVE ME A CALL 216-382-9252

Boyd Graves wrote:

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

BOYD ED GRAVES, :

Plaintiff-appellant, : No. 03-56812

:

v. :

:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Beezer/Silverman
Et. Al., : Circuit Judges

Defendants-appellees. :
____________________________:

REPLY TO THE UNITED STATES BRIEF
OF FEBRUARY 13, 2004

NOW COMES, plaintiff-appellant, Boyd Ed Graves, in propria persona, who responds to the United States reply brief of February 13, 2004 as follows:

1. The archives of the U.S. Special Virus program were a part of the FOIA request and appeal, and as such, the complaint filed on December 6, 2002 seeking the full disclosure of the program was within the ‘scope of information’ requested.
2. The narrow FOIA request of June 19, 2002 was amended to include the archived documents of the U.S. Special Virus program.
3. On May 15, 2000, defendants (Cargill and Grossberg) confirmed the existence of the documents of the U.S. Special Virus program.
4. However, to thwart this FOIA request, the NCI librarian concedes that the documents did exist, and were allegedly turned over (to someone). See, Exhibit H, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment) ((EXHIBIT “A, herein)..
5. According to Defendant Cargill’s May 15, 2000 letter, the documents of the archives of the U.S. Special Virus program were in the NCI archives.. Now they are not. The archives of the U.S. Special Virus program are being improperly withheld to the detriment of the intent of FOIA law and the American people..
6. The ‘scope of information’ clearly encompasses the archives of the U.S. special Virus program, and the lower court clearly erred in excluding the amended FOIA request in reaching its July 7, 2003 Order to award summary judgment to defendant
7. Additionally, a review of the transcript, relative to this specific point, reveals the lower court was “uncertain” as to FOIA law. See page 5, lines 11 -12 TRANSCRIPT of July 3, 2003.
8. The lower court exclaimed that it was going to ‘look that up’, instead, the lower court signed the summary judgment Order on the same day, albeit not filed until July 7, 2003.
9. The lower court expressed an obligation to the parties that it did not fulfill. A FOIA request can be amended to include additional documents. The archives of the U.S. Special Virus program were clearly within the FOIA ‘scope of information’ which led to the complaint of December 6, 2002, seeking “full disclosure” of the secret, federal virus program.
10 According to the United States, the 1971 flowchart of the U.S. Special Virus program (page 61, Progress Report #8, U.S. Special Virus program is the flowchart on the human immunodeficiency virus. For the convenience of this review I am attaching a copy of the 1971 “research logic” flowchart of the development of HIV/AIDS. See, EXHIBIT “B”, herein.

The record reveals an extensive relationship between the parties regarding disclosure of the documents of the U.S. Special Virus program. The United States concedes that the documents were in its archives and they have been removed. See, EXHIBIT “A”, herein. The United States letter of May 15, 2000 proves there is irrefutable evidence of the laboratory birth of AIDS. The American people are entitled by law to have access to the rest of the documents of this hidden, federal virus development program.. Wherefore, plaintiff-appellant prays the court will use its ’summary reversal’ powers and return this case to a competent lower court for the jury resolution of this matter. The 1971 “research logic” flowchart and the fifteen progress reports are absolute evidence of the federal virus development program at the heart and genesis of HIV/AIDS.

Respectfully submitted,

Boyd Ed Graves, in propria persona
1008 Elbon Rd.
Cleveland Heights, OH 44121
216-382-9252

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I, Boyd Ed Graves, do hereby certify with my signature below that I served a complete copy of this Reply to the United States brief of February 13, 2004 on:

John C. Ashcroft, U.S. Attorney Genertal
Carol C. Law
Tom Stahl
Beth L. Levine
United States Attorneys
880 Front St. Room 6293
San Diego, CA 92101-8893

Sent this ____ day of February 2004 via first class mail, postage prepaid.

_____________________
Boyd Ed Graves

Boyd Graves wrote:
Mr. Aftergood: IF the United States made AIDS and you can prove it, why haven't you done anything in the last three months?

Dear Steven:

Thanks for speaking with me earlier. The FOIA LAWSUIT is in the NINTH CIRCUIT, Case No.: 03-56812, Graves v. U.S.A.

I wanted to send you a couple of links that will allow you to have a better understadning of the significance of the discovery of the 1971 "research logic" flowchart. http://www.boydgraves.com/flowchart/ .

Your colleagues who have reviewed this research have psoted their comments here. http://www.boydgraves.com/comments/ .

We are hopeful the Federation of American Scientists will review the U.S. Special Virus program. It is preposterous to have a secret federal virus program at the same time you allegedly have a mystery illness. Your actions of review and investigation qill show the American people and the people of the world that you are clearly an independent agency.

The HIV/AIDS virus is a designer virus of the secret, U.S. Special Virus program. It's original name is ESP-1 virus. The sooner the American people are aware of the federal program at the genesis of HIB/AIDS, the sooner the world will begin to recover. We are hope ful that this issue garners the kind of leadership from you that brought you to the forefront of government secrecy. We know of no greater U.S. secrecy than the development and implementation of AIDS.

Please call me after you have have dealt with the current court response you were working on. Sincerely, BOyd Ed Graves 216-382-9252

The U.S. patented cure for AIDS is patent #5676977. We think this effectvie and cheap CURE for AIDS deserves a greater portion of the front row of humanity.

"We are greater than any federal virus.
We are the Human Race."

- Boyd E. Graves, J.D.

Following the presentation of the flowchart in Canada, the same information was presented to the United States in the rotunda of the Western Reserve Historical Society in Cleveland. Shortly thereafter a major African newspaper called and for four days in a row, this issue was the feature story in an uncensored press. The people of Africa already know about the U.S. virus development program. It is time for the rest of us to know.

In January, the U.S. had no response to my two page abstract submitted to the African American AIDS 2000 conference. In February, the U.S. Congress had no response to the 3000 Americans who signed signature petitions calling for immediate review of the flowchart and progress reports of the secret virus development program. We firmly believe once the dust settles from the current election marathon, reviewing the special virus program will be the single most important pursuit of the 21st Century.

More scientists and doctors must join with Dr. Nicolson, Dr. Strecker, Dr. Cantwell, Dr. Horowitz, Dr. Lee, Dr. Wainwright, Dr. Halstead and Professor Boyle. In any public debate on this issue, we will continue to present the flowchart of the secret virus development program, as the "irrefutable missing link" in the true laboratory origin of AIDS. We have successfully navigated a federal maze and matrix and found a curtain surrounding the issue of AIDS. The 1999 discovery and presentation of the AIDS flowchart is a "smoke detector" wake up call. Society has an obligation to do more than don masks.

Non-inclusive random endnotes:

U.S. Special Virus program, Progress Report #8 (1971), pg. 61 (the flowchart)

National Security Defense Memorandum (NSDM) #314, Brent Scowcroft (1975).

"Special Message to the U.S. Congress on Problems of Population Growth", Richard M. Nixon, July 18, 1969

Public Law 91-213, "To Stabilize World Populations", John D. Rockefeller, III, Chairman, March 16, 1970

National Security Council Memorandum (NSCM) #46, "Black Africa and the U.S. Black Movement", Zbigniew Brezinski, March 17, 1978

Download/Open Flow Chart

(average download time: 4 minutes)

17334 have downloaded the Flow Chart since February 15, 2001. To see a list of names Boyd E. Graves has provided a copy of the Flow Chart to and their responses .

1971 SPECIAL VIRUS FLOW CHART NATIONAL TV, U.S. CONGRESS

(U.S.A) International human rights activist Dr. Boyd E. Graves presented the 1971 U.S. Special Virus Flowchart on national television during an interview with veteran talk show host Carl Bryant on DYNAMICS IN BLACK weekly television program today. Dr. Graves is the discoverer of the secret 30 year old Research Logic Flow Chart which coordinates 15 years and 20,0000 secret virus development experiments.

The program's "research logic" details the creation and mass production of a new hybrid human retrovirus which depletes the human immune system. Dr. Graves says the secret virus program which officially concluded 1978 mass produced 60,000 liters of new viruses, and is responsible for today's global HIV/AIDS crisis. The evidence he presents are the actual NIH/NCI government contracts for the secretly tax payer funded biochemical weapons program, U.S. Special Virus Cancer Program (162-1978). The second part of Dr. Graves and the U.S. Special Virus Flow Chart interview airs next Sunday.

"They have allowed pieces of the program to come out. In 1972 all concentration was to the Tuskegee Experiment, as if it was an isolated incident," says Dr. Graves. Now we know they were testing AIDS on Icelandic sheep in 1932 and 1933 - they are not disjointed experiments. They have been studying African sexual issues for the entire 20th century." Dr. Graves v. The President of the United States of America U.S. Supreme Court Case No. 00-9587 demanding an immediate review of the U.S. Special Virus Flow Chart and the secret experiments the Flow Chart coordinates was denied without comment June 4, 2001. The Flow Chart has been reviewed and authenticated by medical doctors and scientists around the world since its 1999 discovery.

Dr. Graves has demanded an immediate program review from top government officials and the scientist still living who were involved in the Special Virus program, including AIDS 'co-discoverer' Dr. Robert C. Gallo. During a February telephone interview, Dr. Gallo acknowledged his role as Special Virus Project Officer and his experiments which inoculated African Green Monkeys in 1971 inside the special virus program. Dr. Gallo could not explain the Multiply Spliced VISNA virus found inside AIDS to Dr. Graves. Dr. Gallo state he had been previously unaware of the U.S. Special Virus program's 1971 Flow Chart. Now Gallo has been briefed on the 1971 Special Virus Flow Chart and his specific contracts NIH71-2025 U.S. Special Virus Cancer Program 1971 Progress Report #8 Pages 104 & 105 with the direct allegations which resulted.

This year Dr. Graves initial court interrogatories established the fact that NCI Deputy Director and U.S. Special Virus Cancer Program Director, Dr. Alan Rabson agreed that the U.S. Special Virus program had the technology to make AIDS, but could not confirm that it 'actually did'. Dr. Rabson has taken no formal public action toward Dr. Graves and the peoples' demands for immediate program review. Dr. Alan Rabson did disclose the primary architects of the U.S. Special Virus Flow Chart to Dr. Graves, they are now deceased.

Dr. Graves leadership and activism has convinced some in Congress to review the program. Dr. Graves continues to educate Congress reproducing the policies, laws, and their secret U.S. Special Virus progress reports using all revenues from book and video sales. Congress persons are being educated on the secret program he Dr. Graves helped uncover. Last week Congressman James Trafficant (OH) came out in support of the peoples' demands for program review. "The Congressman has agreed to ask for an investigation by the GAO or the Congressional Committee on Investigations," said Trafficant's Regional Director Anthony Traficanti. " The information presented by Dr. Graves is very shocking and very revealing, Our government is supposed to be sensitive to the peoples concerns and the flowchart was very revealing to me, " said Traficanti.

Dr. Graves has provided the Flow Chart free online for the reading public on his website www.boydgraves.com since February of 2001, with volumes of additional primary source research materials available for purchase or donation to the peoples' grass roots movement toward immediate review.

"It’s interesting that the first cases of AIDS were discovered in 1981 and now it appears that the research reveals that it’s existence goes back over 20 years. But since we have the Tuskegee Experiment, it may not be a coincidence" said Trafficant's office.

Since 1999 Dr. Graves has presented the secret U.S. Special Virus Cancer Program Research Logic Flow Chart to The President of the United States, The United Nations, The Pentagon, The U.S. Surgeon General's office, The United States' Supreme Court, and U.S. Special Virus Program contracted scientists and HIV/AIDS 'co-discoverers' Dr. Robert C. Gallo and Dr. Luc Montangier, as well as Special Virus scientists Dr. Peter Duesberg, Dr. Alan Rabson, Dr. Mathilde Krhim, Dr. Garth Nicolson.

The U.S. Special Virus Flow Chart and many shocking documents are now available in his new book, "STATE ORIGIN: The Evidence of the Laboratory Birth of AIDS" (N.O.A.H. -Zygote Media Networks 2001 ISBN # 0-9707735-1-X )

The second part of Mr. Bryant's nationally syndicated show, Dynamics in Black will air Sunday August 5, 2001 at 6:00 on WFMJ-NBC. Check local station for air times.

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TOPICS: Government; News/Current Events
KEYWORDS: TINFOILHAT
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1 posted on 11/23/2001 1:41:24 PM PST by ATOMIC_PUNK
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
Where's the tin foil ALERT for this paranoia????

2 posted on 11/23/2001 1:48:30 PM PST by WOSG
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
Looks like the TWA 800 crowd can ratchet up their paranoia level another notch.

3 posted on 11/23/2001 1:50:22 PM PST by AlaskaErik
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To: AlaskaErik
how can you even compair this to flight 800?

5 posted on 11/23/2001 1:54:27 PM PST by Steve Van Doorn
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
The X-Files fans have been a little skittish since David Duchovny left the show.

6 posted on 11/23/2001 1:54:57 PM PST by Goodness Gracious
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To: matamoros
THATS WHAT I THOUGHT WE WERE RESPOSABLE FOR THE WORLDS CHAOS
IT DESERVES ITS RIGHTFUL PLACE IN THE LAUGHOUTLOUD HALL OF SHAME

7 posted on 11/23/2001 1:55:36 PM PST by ATOMIC_PUNK
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
Only the Democrats are nasty enough to do something like this, and why would they want to kill of all the people who vote for them? :-)

8 posted on 11/23/2001 1:56:35 PM PST by Cicero
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
White's don't share needles, have sex, or get donated blood?
I wouldn't be surprised if Jesse, Al, or Kwesi was behind the manufacture of this tripe. Anything to keep their slaves dependent and scared.

9 posted on 11/23/2001 1:56:55 PM PST by Teacher317
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
Never trust a lawyer who refers to himself as Dr because of their JD.
Also, if they use both the JD and Dr in their name, they REALLY shouldn't be trusted.

This guys bio doesn't mention any Phd, just a BS in an unnamed subject (with a couple of minors in engineering and Chinese) and his law degree.

10 posted on 11/23/2001 1:57:24 PM PST by sharktrager
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
LOL! $25 per video explaining the tripe, too! Can't let important 'information' get out without making a little off the top, now can we? Incredible.

11 posted on 11/23/2001 1:59:13 PM PST by Teacher317
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To: AlaskaErik
What? TWA 800? Oh oh, that was the aircraft with the bad gas tank, that just blew to pieces, right?

12 posted on 11/23/2001 1:59:27 PM PST by Joe Hadenuf
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To: AlaskaErik
Looks like the TWA 800 crowd can ratchet up their paranoia level another notch.
Well, you can add Senator John Kerry to the paranoid crowd, who doesn't believe the official report on TWA800. Here's his response to a question from Chris Matthews on Hardball September 24th, 2001:

MATTHEWS: What do you make of that case where they--where the passengers heading west to Salt Lake City said they wouldn't get on a plane with these guys? They turned out to be--I think they were Hindu--they weren't even Islamic people.

Sen. KERRY: Well, it's sad but it's understandable. I mean, there obviously is fear abroad in the land. We have to curb that fear. I think those of us in Washington really have a responsibility here, Chris, to balance our rhetoric and to balance the definitions of this war with the realities of what we face in the country. You know, we've had terrorism for a long time now. We've had the Achille Lauro, the Munich Olympics, the pipe bomb at the Olympics in Atlanta, the TWA 800, the bombing of embassies, and it's not going to disappear overnight. We've always been threatened by it. What's different here, obviously, is the nature of these individuals and what they were willing to do in order to hurt us here at home. We can, I think, most protect ourselves by carrying on with our way of life, with a higher state of vigilance about what's going on around us, but mostly by increasing the capacity of our country to gather intelligence and to fight this at its source, to fight this in other places before they get here and to do a much much better work of international policing and of anti-terrorist effort by fighting it abroad.

13 posted on 11/23/2001 2:00:46 PM PST by Excuse_Me
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
I think GRAVES is looking to blame someone for the fact he has AIDS.

14 posted on 11/23/2001 2:01:00 PM PST by TheOtherOne
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To: Steve Van Doorn
how can you even compair this to flight 800?
I'm referring to those who so desperately want to believe that TWA was downed by the government.

15 posted on 11/23/2001 2:01:04 PM PST by AlaskaErik
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
yeah, right.
and the government planned the terrorist attacks to keep the media occupied with trivial pursuits instead of reporting this wonderful piece of work.

16 posted on 11/23/2001 2:01:38 PM PST by mlocher
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK

Critical foil moment!

17 posted on 11/23/2001 2:02:33 PM PST by Petronski
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
This has been around for some time. I looks to me as it is just another of the 'urban tales' that surface from time to time.

18 posted on 11/23/2001 2:03:55 PM PST by vladog
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
More scientists and doctors must join with Dr. Nicolson, Dr. Strecker, Dr. Cantwell, Dr. Horowitz, Dr. Lee, Dr. Wainwright, Dr. Halstead and Professor Boyle
What? And ruin their reputation as well? You don't just need tin foil for this. You need some form of heavy metal shielding

19 posted on 11/23/2001 2:05:24 PM PST by billbears
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To: AlaskaErik
I'm referring to those who so desperately want to believe that TWA was downed by the government.
I guess that would be similar to those who so desperately want to believe it was just an accident.

20 posted on 11/23/2001 2:07:24 PM PST by Joe Hadenuf
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To: AlaskaErik
I am not discounting anything in flight 800 I know one thing for sure there is a government cover up relating to that crash. Gas tank blows up in mid air its more likely a cars gas tanks would blow up then an airplanes and I never even heard of it happening to a car without something hitting the tank.

21 posted on 11/23/2001 2:08:59 PM PST by Steve Van Doorn
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
In the late '80s or early '90s, National Geographic ran a feature on some of the epidemiologists working on the AIDS issues. While I do not remember the details, I do remember reading at that time, that a Scandinavian (Norwegian?) sailor had died in the late '50s when his immune system had shut down. The malfunction was so complete and catastrophic, and the physicians had been unable to identify the cause. Various tissue samples had been preserved in paraffin, and sure enough, 30+ years later, HIV was identified as present in the tissue. Kind of shuts down the 1970s origin hinted at here.

22 posted on 11/23/2001 2:09:00 PM PST by Joe 6-pack
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To: Petronski
I was wondering why the hell I just got a "cookie" alert from a reynolds wrap site.

23 posted on 11/23/2001 2:19:25 PM PST by okie_tech
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
"a secret federal virus program produced 15,000 gallons of AIDS"
Given that "AIDS" is the name of the condition produced by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus- "HIV" this post is analagous to saying the program produced 15,000 gallons of runny noses and sneezing in reference to a rinovirus culturing program.

Idiot. Ape.

24 posted on 11/23/2001 2:23:37 PM PST by fourdeuce82d
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
In 1977, a secret federal virus program produced 15,000 gallons of AIDS. The record reveals the United States was represented by Dr. Robert Gallo and the USSR was represented by Dr. Novakhatskiy of the diabolical Ivanosky Institute. On August 21, 1999, the world first saw the flowchart of the plot to thin the Black Population.
I think this is the same stuff that was marketed as Tropical Fantasy. But it was in two liter bottles, not gallons. (AIDS by the gallon? I don't think so.) Dr. Robert Gallo must be one of the Gallo Bros. of Napa Valley, CA who are big in the beverage business. Anyway, I'm sure the fine details of the program could be obtained from Maxine Waters, Screwy Louie Farrakhan or Leonard Jeffries. I do remember that the potency of Tropical Fantasy was increased by wrapping the jug in tinfoil. ('Course I could be wrong.)

America's Fifth Column ... watch PBS documentary JIHAD! In America
Download 8 Mb zip file here (50 minute video)

25 posted on 11/23/2001 2:24:14 PM PST by JCG
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To: okie_tech
I was wondering why the hell I just got a "cookie" alert from a reynolds wrap site.
LOL! Kind of a Catch-22? One wants the tinfoil out of a sense of paranoia, but in order to get the foil, one must submit to surveillance. Bwa ha ha ha!

26 posted on 11/23/2001 2:45:16 PM PST by Petronski
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To: JCG
Dr. Robert Gallo must be one of the Gallo Bros. of Napa Valley, CA who are big in the beverage business
We'll serve no whine, before it's time...

27 posted on 11/23/2001 2:49:43 PM PST by RaceBannon
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Comment #28 Removed by Moderator

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To: Petronski
My brotherinlaw gace a nearly new box of tin foil he found in a dorm room that he was doing some repair work on. It was summer break. The rool is 18" X 1000 feet. Only other thing there was a vote for BOWBOW Boxer bumper snicker. (?????)

29 posted on 11/23/2001 3:03:09 PM PST by tubebender
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
No, it's not true. AIDS has been around longer than that, we just didn't know about it. I remember reading of a sailor who died in 1955, whose tissue samples showed the presence of the virus.

30 posted on 11/23/2001 3:06:57 PM PST by juliabrock
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
REPENT.........REPENT ALL OF YOU!!!!!The evil American Empire is to blame for all the evils of the world. Actually,Notice how David Rockefeller's Name appeared on this????????????
"A Colombian Enterprise to Endeavor for the Discovery of Atlantis.....and all Challengers shall be DESTROYED"

Pay No heed to these Infidels Atomic-Punk,For knowledge is the key to life.
Free the Sheeple
Sic Semper Tyrannis
Just Say No to the NWO
COMRADE DAGOSAVITCH
OCCUPIED USSA

31 posted on 11/23/2001 3:07:59 PM PST by DAGO
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
The is non sense, of course. HIV is a stupidly slow virus to be a result of germ warfare since it would take years to kill off the victims. Armys have indeed been stopped by gonorrhea (painful to pee) and syphillis (early syphillis caused high fevers, although by 1700 the disease became less severe) but you could catch HIV and win a war three times over before you got sick. Plain ordinary typhus and plague would have been much more efficient.(and how did it get lose in the community? Did Gallo have sex with one of the chimps? and then have sex with the prostitutes on the TransAfrican highway, where the epidemic started? It boggles the mind...)
A better "conspiracy" theory is that early polio vaccine which was grown in monkey kidneys was the source of the infection

What goes against all of this is that there have been HIV cases that date at least to the 1950s in the US, and when the examined the blood that was frozen from an epidemic in Central Africa in the 1950's, they found many positive HIV tests. Since Africans in that area kill, skin, and eat monkey meat, it's probably that the virus was around but didn't go too far until the civil unrest of the 1960's and the trans african highway complete with truck stop ladies made it possible to move all over the place.

FYI: I saw cases of illness in Africa in the early 1970 s that was probably HIV, but we only knew that the young people died when there was no reason for them to die.

32 posted on 11/23/2001 3:11:28 PM PST by LadyDoc
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
Wow. I'm convinced! That flowchart is conclusive.

33 posted on 11/23/2001 3:16:30 PM PST by ffrancone
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK

36 posted on 11/23/2001 3:50:30 PM PST by Timesink
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Comment #37 Removed by Moderator

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To: Glasser
Paragraphs are our friends. Learn to format your posts.

38 posted on 11/23/2001 4:04:52 PM PST by boris
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To: Joe Hadenuf
What? TWA 800? Oh oh, that was the aircraft with the bad gas tank, that just blew to pieces, right?
For your EDIFICATION because I *know* you can't find this stuff on your own ...
1.18.1 Accident Record and History of Fuel Tank Fires/Explosions on Airplanes
The Safety Board has participated in the investigation of several aviation accidents/incidents involving fuel tank explosions. According to a list prepared by the FAA, since 1959 there have been at least 26 documented fuel tank explosions/fires in military and civilian transport-category airplanes ...

The Safety Board conducted a special investigation of the May 9, 1976, accident involving an Iranian Air Force 747-131, as it approached Madrid, Spain, following a flight from Iran. All 17 people on board the airplane were killed, and the airplane was destroyed. Witnesses reported seeing lightning strike the left wing, followed by fire, explosion, and separation of the outboard wing before the airplane crashed. Examination of the wreckage revealed evidence of an explosion that originated in at least one of the left wing fuel tanks near a fuel valve installation. The airplane.s fuel tanks contained a mixture of JP-4 and Jet A fuel. The Board's report noted that almost all of the electrical current of a lightning strike would have been conducted through the aluminum structure around the ullage but discussed how some energy might have entered the fuel tanks. Although the Board's report did not identify a specific point of ignition within the tank, it noted that discharges could produce sufficient electrical energy to ignite the fuel/air mixture and that energy levels required to produce a spark will not necessarily damage metal or leave marks at the point of ignition. Upward flowing burn patterns were observed on the compensator that the FAA considered a potential ignition source for the surge tank fire.

The Safety Board also participated in the investigation of a May 11, 1990, accident, involving a Philippine Airlines 737-300 at Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Manila, Philippines, in which the Jet A fuel/air mixture in the CWT exploded as the airplane was being pushed back from the gate. Of the 120 people on board the airplane, 8 were killed, and 30 were seriously injured. As a result of this accident, the Safety Board issued Safety Recommendations A-90-100 through -103 to the FAA. In its safety recommendation letter, the Board noted that the exact source of ignition had not been established. However, lightning damage and damaged FQIS wires were found. The Board stated that "it is possible that the combination of a faulty float switch and damaged wires providing a continuous power supply to the float switch may have caused an electrical arc or overheating of the switch leading to the ignition of the center fuel tank vapor".

39 posted on 11/23/2001 4:05:12 PM PST by _Jim
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To: Excuse_Me
Well, you can add Senator John Kerry to the paranoid crowd, who doesn't believe the official report on TWA800. Here's his response to a question from Chris Matthews on Hardball September 24th, 2001:
You can add Georgie Snuffolupagus to the list also, because he said the exact same thing.

40 posted on 11/23/2001 4:20:19 PM PST by Jhoffa_
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To: Joe 6-pack
Pretty good memory there Joe, here is the story from www.stanford.edu -
---------------------------------------------------

THE MANCHESTER SAILOR
New York, October 1992

Koprowski was furious.

The article in Rolling Stone had drawn widespread attention, particularly after a major wire service picked up the story and sent it around the world.

As far as Koprowski was concerned, the article threatened to destroy his life's work. He fired off a letter to Science magazine, vehemently dismissing the theory as "the wildest of lay speculation." Then he sued Curtis and Rolling Stone for defamation.

Meanwhile, the Wistar Institute assembled a panel of experts to investigate the central allegations in the Rolling Stone theory.

Six months later, in October 1992, the panel held a press conference in New York to deliver an eight-page report on their findings.

The six experts concluded that the chance that any SIV survived the vaccine tissue culture process "cannot be discounted" but any concentration of SIV particles would have been "extremely low."

Furthermore, the panel noted, oral transmission of SIV/HIV is "extremely rare," and the genetic age of HIV suggested that the virus had existed in humans many years before the vaccination campaign in the late 1950s.

But "the most telling evidence," the six-member panel concluded, "was the case of the Manchester sailor."

The sailor was a British printer named David Carr, who had served in the Royal Navy in the 1950s. In 1958 he was stricken with a mysterious illness and died a year later, suffering from a number of characteristic AIDS symptoms.

His puzzled doctors preserved 50 tissue samples in small paraffin blocks. When some of the specimens were examined in 1990, cells stored in the wax tested positive for HIV, making Carr the earliest known case of AIDS, apparently contracting the disease at least several years before the 1959 Leopoldville case.

The Wistar experts noted that Carr had completed his naval service and returned to England by early 1957 before the Wistar vaccination campaign had begun. "Therefore," the panel said, "it can be said with almost complete certainty that the large polio vaccine trial begun late in 1957 in Congo was not the origin of AIDS."

The report seemed to exonerate Koprowski. But the panel recommended that monkey tissue no longer be used in the manufacture of vaccines because of the risk of contamination from "other monkey viruses which have not yet been discovered."

It also suggested that independent tests be run on a remaining sample of the Wistar vaccine stock that may have been used in Africa to see whether it contained any SIV.

Later, Rolling Stone settled Koproski's lawsuit by publishing a clarification saying it never intended to suggest there was "scientific proof" the vaccine caused AIDS.

41 posted on 11/23/2001 4:35:24 PM PST by HighWheeler
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To: fourdeuce82d
NICE CATCH ON THEIR TECHNICAL GOOF!!!

42 posted on 11/23/2001 4:36:52 PM PST by HighWheeler
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
Since HIV doesn't CAUSE AIDs, and AIDs is not a sexually-transmitted disease, who gives a rat's ass!

43 posted on 11/23/2001 4:42:12 PM PST by Doc Savage
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To: AlaskaErik
This has nothing to do with two terrorists in a boat with a Stinger. This has to do with the well rounded rumour (Started away back in the 80's by a Democrat if memory serves right.) that states that we 'made' the HIV virus. Umm... effeciently bio-engineering such a bug was beyond 70's and 80's tech. late 80's maybe not. bio-tech corn was first being tested then. But not a virus. And flight 800 was, indeed, a terrorist attack. Everyone keep repeating the mantra of wiring fault.. they might believe it.

44 posted on 11/23/2001 4:54:12 PM PST by Darksheare
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To: AlaskaErik
"I'm referring to those who so desperately want to believe that TWA was downed by the government"
Was the US Navy in the immediate vicinity of TWA 800? Did the government initially deny the Navy was in the vicinity?

45 posted on 11/23/2001 4:56:47 PM PST by Tymesup
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To: _Jim
If they truly believed that, they would have grounded ALL 747's fleetwide. They didn't. That means something. Try to think what that means. Get back to us when you can understand the relevance of it all. Hmm.. in the meantime, take this compass and this magnet and go navigate those woods over there. Don't stop till you find the wiseman. *Geez.. another who actually believes the CLINTON version of things*

46 posted on 11/23/2001 4:59:38 PM PST by Darksheare
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To: WOSG
I agree.......

47 posted on 11/23/2001 5:02:16 PM PST by freekitty
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To: _Jim
Give it a break........

48 posted on 11/23/2001 5:05:03 PM PST by watcher1
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To: Darksheare
effeciently bio-engineering such a bug was beyond 70's and 80's tech. late 80's maybe not. bio-tech corn was first being tested then. But not a virus.
I suspect that designing a biological agent that would target people of recent African descent and the rest of us remains far beyond our capabilities now, let alone20+ years ago.

Big difference between slapping a gene into a genome higgly piggly, and designing a virus to target bung boys and africans.

49 posted on 11/23/2001 5:35:20 PM PST by fourdeuce82d
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To: ATOMIC_PUNK
Another attempt to form support for reparations?
I'm no expert on AIDS, but I do not remember reading that minorities have an exclusive copyright to it.Besides, after 30+ years the decimation of stated victims should be blatantly obvious and well on its way to completion--or maybe not,since the govt. has been in charge.

Anyone want to join me in mfg.heavy duty aluminum helmets? Tinfoil just won't do the job for this.

vaudine

50 posted on 11/23/2001 5:53:18 PM PST by vaudine
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Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works

In 1999, Graves discovered the secret 1971 Special Virus Cancer Flow Chart which spells out the incremental development of a laboratory produced virus designed to attack and undermine the immune systems of people of African descent. Graves has sought support from various government agencies, namely, the General Accounting Office, former Ohio Congressman Trafficant, AIDS organizations and finally the courts.

On October 24, Graves will go into federal Court in San Diego California in a suit he filed in an attempt to get the US Government to 'fess up to its role in the creation of HIV AIDS.

While many have attempted to discredit and dismissed Graves' assertions, few have been able to refute the existence of the Flow Chart he discovered in 1999. The very existence of these government documents provide credence to the suspicions of many African Americans that the US Government was indeed behind the creation if HIV/AIDS.

For Graves, it has been a lonely, uphill, and often desperate battle. Not only has he had to endure charges of being a paranoid "conspiracy kook" by those who don't believe the US Government is capable of such reprehensible behavior. (They are either ignorant of or in denial about blankets laced with smallpox given to Native Americans by the US government or infamous programs like the Tuskegee Experiment where hundreds of infected African American males in Alabama were denied treatment so the US government could chronicle the long term effects of untreated syphilis.)

Graves' charges also rankle many in the academic, pharmaceutical, and public health communities who have built reputations, careers and fortunes on the orthodoxy that AIDS originated in Africa the result of human interaction with infected primates. "Indeed the truth is the HIV/AIDS enzyme is the result of a designer virus program of the United States of America and it is conclusive proof," corrected Graves, who has experienced the biases, ostracism, rejection, and government harassment due to being infected by AIDS and because he dared to expose the government's involvement in the creation of HIV/AIDS.

Nevertheless he tirelessly lectures, gives radio interviews, and speaks at conferences trying to alert the public about the government's diabolical program of population control. "We've been at this now for eleven years following my diagnosis of HIV in 1992," Graves revealed. "I didn't stick my head in the sand and as a result of that now eleven years later we have some of the official documents, even the experiments and contracts of a secret federal virus program entitled 'The US Special Virus Program'. These aren't my documents, they are the government's."

Graves is obsessed with getting the word out and sees himself as a modern day David battling the formidable Goliath of the US government. "I'm involved in a modern venue of David and Goliath because there is no more bigger giant than the United States Government. The truth provides strength. I find comfort in the truth and it gives me the drive and initiative to get up each and every day to continue our efforts to expose the truth because over time the truth has always risen to the top and its going to happen here."

Graves put the flow chart on his website www.BoydGraves.com and over 26,000 people have downloaded it. "We've got two dozen scientists and medical doctors who have reviewed this material and to a person, they all agree this federal program is at the heart of the genesis of HIV and AIDS."

Graves has a special interest in the program for he was diagnosed HIV positive. In doing his research he came upon a patented cure for AIDS which he took and now says he is symptom free.

"The United States patented the cure for AIDS in 1997 and that patent number is 5676977 and I tell people to go to www.google.com and type in U S Patent and that number and the information will come up. I tell people to go to the main library and look into the world catalogue data base and put in 'Special Virus Cancer Program' and you will find at least three four or five of those progress reports of the development of HIV are in the main library. Some of these reports are in the public domain."

Graves knows of what he speaks because he took the cure himself in 2001. "Twenty-two months ago I took the US patented cure for AIDS. It is a one time injection, I call it an infusion because it takes about twenty minutes. It's a large plunger kind of thing but that is all I've had and physically I am fine and symptom free."

Graves is eager to get the US Government in court. Earlier suits he filed were dismissed but on October 24th at 11 AM he will have his day in court to plead his case before the US Federal Court in San Diego California in his attempt to force the government to reveal the sordid details about its role in the creation of HIV/AIDS. Graves also hopes to force the government to reveal the patented cure.

Graves is a law school graduate but has not taken the bar exam in any state. Nevertheless, he will represent himself as a plaintiff seeking information on his behalf and others. "A suit can be brought by any individual. Here in this case though, we believe we have done it appropriately by being and individual who has been infected by HIV and AIDS as the lead plaintiff myself in this case going forward."

Graves is confident he will prevail in court but is disappointed in the apathy within the African‑American community about the spread of this ravenous disease.

for expert colleague review: www.boydgraves.com/comments/

The Smoking Gun of AIDS: a 1971 Flowchart
by Boyd E. Graves, J.D.
December 6, 2000

In 1977, a secret federal virus program produced 15,000 gallons of AIDS. The record reveals the United States was represented by Dr. Robert Gallo and the USSR was represented by Dr. Novakhatsky of the diabolical Ivanosky Institute. On August 21, 1999, the world first saw the flowchart of the plot to thin the Black Population.

The 1971 AIDS flowchart coordinates over 20,000 scientific papers and fifteen years of progress reports of a secret federal virus development program. The epidemiology of AIDS is an identical match to the "research logic" identified in the five section foldout. The flowchart is page 61 of Progress Report #8 (1971) of the Special Virus program of the United States of America. We today, challenge world scientists to discussion of this document find.

We believe there is a daily, growing number of world experts who are all coming to the same conclusion regarding the significance of the flowchart. Dr. Garth Nicolson has examined the flowchart as well as other top experts from around the world. It is time for Dr. Michael Morrissey of Germany to examine the flowchart and report to the world. In addition, we have now examined the 1978 report. It is heresy to continue to further argue the program ended in 1977.

The 1978 report of the development of AIDS leaves no doubt as to the ("narrow result") candidate virus sought by the United States. The flowchart conclusively proves a secret federal plot to develop a "contagious cancer" that "selectively kills."

Following the presentation of the flowchart in Canada, the same information was presented to the United States in the rotunda of the Western Reserve Historical Society in Cleveland. Shortly thereafter a major African newspaper called and for four days in a row, this issue was the feature story in an uncensored press. The people of Africa already know about the U.S. virus development program. It is time for the rest of us to know.

In January, the U.S. had no response to my two page abstract submitted to the African American AIDS 2000 conference. In February, the U.S. Congress had no response to the 3000 Americans who signed signature petitions calling for immediate review of the flowchart and progress reports of the secret virus development program. We firmly believe once the dust settles from the current election marathon, reviewing the special virus program will be the single most important pursuit of the 21st Century.

More scientists and doctors must join with Dr. Nicolson, Dr. Strecker, Dr. Cantwell, Dr. Horowitz, Dr. Lee, Dr. Wainwright, Dr. Halstead and Professor Boyle. In any public debate on this issue, we will continue to present the flowchart of the secret virus development program, as the "irrefutable missing link" in the true laboratory origin of AIDS.

We have successfully navigated a federal maze and matrix and found a curtain surrounding the issue of AIDS. The 1999 discovery and presentation of the AIDS flowchart is a "smoke detector" wake up call. Society has an obligation to do more than don masks.

Non-inclusive random endnotes:

U.S. Special Virus program, Progress Report #8 (1971), pg. 61 (the flowchart)

National Security Defense Memorandum (NSDM) #314, Brent Scowcroft (1975).

"Special Message to the U.S. Congress on Problems of Population Growth", Richard M. Nixon, July 18, 1969

Public Law 91-213, "To Stabilize World Populations", John D. Rockefeller, III, Chairman, March 16, 1970

National Security Council Memorandum (NSCM) #46, "Black Africa and the U.S. Black Movement", Zbigniew Brezinski, March 17, 1978

http://www.boydgraves.com

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DISCLAIMER Information on CureZone is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for the advice provided by your physician or other healthcare professional or any information contained on or in any product label or packaging. You should not use the information on CureZone for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease, or prescribing any medication or other treatment. You should always speak with your physician or other healthcare professional before taking any medication or nutritional, herbal or homeopathic supplement, or adopting any treatment for a health problem.

Update, May 5, 2005: "A Cure for AIDS/HIV, mysteriously withheld." Alternatives AVAILABLE

The good news is that I have accessed information about, what appears to be, other alternative, affordable, non-toxic treatments or cures THAT ARE AVAILABLE. Check out the facts, links & testimonials pages, which provide an extensive amount of evidence of the healing effects of the “ANTIDOTE - Anti-Microbial Peptide” at http://biologicalmiracle.com, and the post by individuals to the Yahoo Group http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/CrocodylusPorusus/ "CrocodylusPorusus” at health.groups.yahoo.com.

Subscribe to CrocodylusPorusus

The purpose of the Yahoo Group http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/CrocodylusPorusus/ "CrocodylusPorusus” at health.groups.yahoo.com is to confirm, or not, the validity of the information on the Web Site www.Biologicalmiracle.com about "The Antidote"*, as well as to seek and explore other affordable and non toxic treatments and cures, such as described at web sites: www.robertogiraldo.com - www.aliveandwell.org . The most important part is to get to The Truth about the whole matter: http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/

*"The common cold is a thing of the past, even serious infectious diseases such as Cancer, AIDS, SARS and many other life threatening diseases can be helped by the miracle healing powers of the Antidote.

The Antidote does not require a prescription or medical consultation before being taken as it is a natural alternative to Antibiotics or drugs which have failed to kill virulent viruses or bacteria that have developed an immunity to current antibiotics and drugs produced by modern medicine.

The Antidote is a unique Anti-Microbial Peptide offering the widest range of healing power on the market today. It kills all known deadly VIRUSES and BACTERIA in the body. The initial research was carried out over several years ago by the BBC.

The Antidote acts as an additive for your body's immune system. It will fight and protect your body from all virus and bacteria activated infections. The Antidote may be taken safely by children and adults even if on current medication.

The Peptide is a Protein Extract from Crocodylus Porusus, the largest living crocodile in existence and the most ancient living species on earth (over 20 million years old). A Peptide is a Natural Protein made up of Amino Acids strung together that destroy powerful viruses and bacteria by penetrating their membranes.

Check out the facts, links & testimonials pages, which provide an extensive amount of evidence of the Antidote’s healing effects. Take a look for yourself." http://biologicalmiracle.com

-----------------------------------

Update, January 13, 2004: "A Cure for AIDS/HIV, mysteriously withheld."

To whom it concerns:

It is apparent, to me, that Compassion Response Network ( www.compassion-response.net/ ) is engaged, quite likely unknowingly, in a cover delaying diversionary tactic (for some inexcusable reason) in regards to making the known non-toxic, one injection Tetrasil/Immusil cure for HIV/AIDS accessible on a massive global scale, with all deliberate speed. I hope I am correct about the "unknowingly" part.

The pertinent facts in brief, as I know them, are: [1] There are no logical reasons for anyone anywhere to be doing any additional, very limited "trials" with "six single injections" of Tetrasil/Imusil, given the facts that [2] the October 17, 1997 patent application filed with the US Patent Office states "...further testing revealed complete 100% destruction of the AIDS virus in vitro at 20 PPM, and the fact that said devices were harmless when ingested and inhaled, being non-toxic...After success with mice, the inventor was able to test the efficacy of said devices on two select etiological groups of terminal AIDS patients in a clinic in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Central America...Evaluations with Tetrasil were conducted on AIDS patients at Lucha Contra el Sida, Comayaguela, Honduras... All patients evaluated were terminal...What is claimed is: 1. A method of treating AIDS-afflicted humans comprising injecting a multitude of tetrasilver tetroxide molecular crystals into the bloodstream of the human subject. 2. A method for increasing white blood cell counts in AIDS-afflicted humans comprising injecting a multitude of tetrasilver tetroxide molecular crystals into the bloodstream of the human subject. 3. Methods of treating AIDS-affilicted humans according to claims 1-2 where the concentration of said molecular crystals is approximately 40 PPM of the total blood weight of the human subject...This application is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 08/310,859 filed Sep. 22, 1994, now abandoned." [3] We here at YOUtopia INstitute witnessed the astonishing recovery, from being "...at death's door." to jogging and doing one hand push ups 3 days after receiving one injection of Tetrasil, 2 years ago - after having been infected with the HIV/AIDS virus for 10 years, of Dr. Boyd Ed Graves 216-382-9252 "Dr. Boyd Graves Claims that a Cure Already Exists !", "Dr. Graves asks President Bush to test patented AIDS cure" "AIDS cure recipient celebrates his first two years", whom we, at YOUtopia INstitute, assisted to get here to San Diego to receive the Tetrasil which was administered to him by Michael L. Culbert DSc (we also interviewed on our Internet radio broadcast), cofounder of IBC Hospital and Medical Center in Tijuana, Mexico. We interviewed Dr. Graves, before and after he received the Tetrasil, on our Internet radio broadcast, and have duplicated taped copies of those interviews. [Read the detailed supportive facts in our, YOUtopia INstitute's, original press release at PR Web Wire Service "CURE for HIV/AIDS?" posted January 24, 2002, and updated "A Cure for AIDS/HIV, mysteriously withheld." posted on March 31, 2003, which has been "accessed" 7,021 times and "picked up by a media outlet" 3,107 times - stats from PR Web Wire Service]

-----------------------------------

UPDATE: 4/11/03 to original release (below) of January 24, 2002

-----Original Message-----

From: Rama Demetrius Dyushambee, DD

[mailto:TheCosmicDetective@YOUtopiaINstitute.org]

Sent: Thursday, December 12, 2002 12:42 PM

To: edmaupin@usa.net

Subject: RE: Tetrasil Information

Greetings Mr. Maupin,
Unfortunately the person(s) at Marantech, LLC of Rhode Island -www.marantech.com - (the Tetrasil ownership corporation), for some reason, are not allowing the Tetrasil treatment/cure to be available to people infected with the HIV/AIDS virus. In spite of the fact that I was, repeatedly assured by their representative, Robin Dibattista, that they had established a protocol, cost, and had an arrangement with a medical clinic in Mexico where people could go to receive the Tetrasil, prior to my signing and returning to Marantech their associates confidentially agreement.

The fact that this is a new decision - one year after the one person that I had personal contact with received one injection of Tetrasil, which resulted in his remarkable recovery from "death's door" after having been infected with the HIV/AIDS virus for ten years, over six years after a patent application was filed with the United States Patent Office, with scientific clinical trial data, under the title "Method of curing AIDS with tetrasilver tetroxide molecular crystal devices" (click here or copy and paste for US Patent Office file), all of a sudden now for the past week refusing to return my telephone calls or respond to my e-mail (copied below) requesting an explanation, although I signed an agreement with them and provided to them (as Robin said to Laura, Secretary and Legal Assistant for YOUtopia INstitute), at least 50% of the inquiries that they have from people wanting

and needing the Tetrasil treatment/cure - that is illogical, unreasonable and unacceptable unless nothing can be done about this, speaks for itself.

Given these facts, the best suggestion that I can make to anyone at this point in time is to contact Marantech (their contact information is listed on their Web site http://www.marantech.com/), and insist on an explanation that

makes sense to YOU, and that YOU find acceptable. Please do refer to any and all of the information and facts that I have provided here and tell them that YOU were referred by Rama, The Cosmic Detective, Founder of YOUtopia INstitute.

You should receive, shortly after this one, a forwarded copy of my latest e-mail to Robin at Marantech.

Do the best WE CAN.

-----------------------------------------------------

Last email to Marantech Representative, Robin Dibattista:

-----Original Message-----
From: Rama Demetrius Dyushambee, D.D. [mailto:TheCosmicDetective@YOUtopiaINstitute.org]
Sent: Thursday, December 12, 2002 12:16 PM
To: robin.d@marantech.com
Cc: Perry Antelman
Subject: ...strange and bizarre...

Robin,

Your - and Bob and Nina - recent communications to me, and lack of, are so strange and bizarre that I, quite frankly, find it all to be downright hilarious, beyond the tragic effects and any logic or apparent reasoning. The following are some examples of what I mean:

1. During the last telephone conversation that I had with you, two or three months ago, you assured me that the Tetrasil treatment was available at a clinic in Mexico, gave me a cost and told me what the new protocol was for pre-treatment workup, after treatment follow up, etc., and that you were scheduling people for treatment sometime around the 10th of November, because you were expecting some doctors from Israel, who wanted to observe the procedure, to be here during that time.

2. Approximately, two to three weeks ago I called you at the Marantech office because I had several new inquiries for Tetrasil treatment. I had not had any communications with you for several weeks and I wanted to get an update before I responded to the people who were waiting for my reply to their inquiries. I was told my Nina or Bob that you were not in the office that day and they would have you return my call "The first thing in the morning" - that did not happen. So, I called again the next day and was told that you were in a meeting and would call me afterwards - that did not happen. The next day I called again and was told that you had "...just stepped out of the office." At least one of those times, Bob, after a lengthy conversation between he and I, promised that if you did not return my call that he would neither of those happened either. During that conversation with Bob was the first time anyone there ever informed me that the Tetrasil treatment was not available, the Israeli doctor visit did not happen, nor did anyone receive the Tetrasil in November, new trials were scheduled to be conducted in two or three countries outside the US sometime around February or March of 2003, and new "protocol" needed to be established. I was truly shocked and dismayed at what I was hearing from him and told him so. To which he responded that he wasn't sure about what he was saying to me and didn't want to put his "foot in..." his mouth or my mouth and therefore would sit down with you the next morning and have a "heart to heart" talk about the information and current status. Again, I never heard back from either of you.

3. Then, fully aware that whatever anyone said to me from there on the telephone was not worth a row of rocks, I sent an email to you on November 20th in which, one of the things I made clear was "If I have not received an e-mail response from someone there within the next 24 hours with a compelling reason for me not to, I will post a copy of this e-mail any and everywhere that I can, and send a copy to all of the people that I have referred to you, those waiting for a response from me and all future inquiries." I, actually, waited for three days before I started to send a copy, to people waiting for a reply from me, of that November 20th email to you, after still no one from there had contacted me with any explanation. In my replies to people I included the statement; "Given these facts, the best suggestion that I can make to anyone at this point in t

- For an example: the new talk from there about new "clinical trials" sometime next year, and establishing new "protocol" comes out of nowhere logical or reasonable, with the considerations that one person I know received one injection of Tetrasil a year ago with most dramatic beneficial results, you told me, in our last telephone conversation, that new "protocol" had been established, Tetrasil was available through you from Marantech, etc., and all of this happening (or rather, not happening) over seven years after the Tetrasil patent was filed with the US Patent Office (on-line at US Patent Office Tetrasil file) on October 14, 1997 under the heading "Method of curing AIDS with tetrasilver tetroxide molecular crystal devices" with the following information about clinical trials and protocol:

Primary Examiner: Hulina; Amy
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Salter & Michaelson
------------------------------------
Parent Case Text
-------------------------------------
This application is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 08/310,859 filed Sep. 22, 1994, now abandoned.
---------------------------------
Claims
-----------------------------
What is claimed is:

1. A method of treating AIDS-afflicted humans comprising injecting a multitude of tetrasilver tetroxide molecular crystals into the bloodstream of the human subject.

2. A method for increasing white blood cell counts in AIDS-afflicted humans comprising injecting a multitude of tetrasilver tetroxide molecular crystals into the bloodstream of the human subject.

3. Methods of treating AIDS-affilicted humans according to claims 1-2 where the concentration of said molecular crystals is approximately 40 PPM of the total blood weight of the human subject.
------------------------------------
Description
-------------------------------------
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the employment of molecular crystals as anti-AIDS devices, but more particularly to the molecular crystal semiconductor tetrasilver tetroxide Ag.sub.4 O.sub.4 which has two monovalent and two trivalent silver ions per molecule, and which through this structural configuration enables intermolecular electron transfer capable of killing viruses and binding them to the resulting silver entity so that a single intravenous injection will completely obliterate acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Furthermore, said devices are capable of killing pathogens and purging the bloodstream of immune suppressing moieties (ISM) whether or not created by the AIDS virus (HIV); so as to restore the immune system.

The present invention is based on concepts previously elucidated in applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,499 which discloses the destruction and inhibition of bacteria, algae and the AIDS virus in nutrient life supporting systems by using said silver oxide devices. Example 3 of said patent discloses that 18 PPM of said crystal devices could totally suppress the AIDS virus (page 6, line 5). Subsequent to the filing of the aforementioned patent, further testing revealed complete 100% destruction of the AIDS virus in vitro at 20 PPM, and the fact that said devices were harmless when ingested and inhaled, being non-toxic.

Encouraged by these evaluations and successes, applicant obtained permission to evaluate the crystals in vitro against murine acquired immune deficiency syndrome (MAIDS). Only one facility in the State of Israel is licensed for these evaluations, namely, the Kaplan Hospital in Rehovot, Israel, which is affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School where said evaluations were done.

The initial evaluations entailed experimenting with various silver moieties cited in applicant's aforementioned patent, concentrations, non-reactive buffers and modes of administration. After about 18 months of judicious efforts and initial failures, success was finally achieved in destroying the MAIDS virus in C57BL mice with a single intravenous injection. The results of this test program comprise Example 5 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,499. After success with mice, the inventor was able to test the efficacy of said devices on two select etiological groups of terminal AIDS patients in a clinic in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Central America.

----------------------------------
And further:
-------------------------------------

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a molecular scale device not only capable of destroying the AIDS virus, but of purging the human bloodstream of pathogens and restoring immunity to AIDS patients of the candidiasis and wasting syndrome categories. Said molecular device consists of a single crystal of tetrasilver tetroxide (Ag.sub.4 O.sub.4). The crystal lattice of this molecule has a unique structure since it is a diamagnetic semiconducting crystal containing two mono and two trivalent silver ions, which in effect are capable of "firing" electrons under certain conditions which will destroy AIDS viruses, other pathogens and immune suppressing moieties (ISM), not only through the electrocution mode, but also by a binding process which occurs simultaneously with electron firing, namely, binding and chelation of divalent silver, i.e., the resulting product of the electron transfer redox that occur when the monovalent silver ions are oxidized and the trivalent ions are reduced in the crystal. The binding/chelation effect occurs at active sites of the AIDS virus, pathogens and ISM. Because of the extremely minute size of a single molecule of this crystal, several million of these devices may be employed in concert to destroy a virus colony to purge a life support system of ISM and pathogens with the consumption of only parts per trillion of the crystal devices. Thus an optimum of 40 PPM of the devices by weight of human blood was found to be sufficient to completely obliterate AIDS. This concentration is slightly over double of the optimum concentration recommended in applicant's aforementioned U.S. patent for the destruction of the human AIDS virus in vitro. Other details concerning the structure of the crystal and its mechanism against pathogens, the AIDS virus and ISM would analogously hold here, and have already been further elucidated in said patent.

The actual destruction of pathogens, ISM and the AIDS virus is effectuated by injection of a suspension of these devices in distilled or deionized water with a non-reacting electrolyte directly, i.e. intravenously, into the bloodstream. A single injection is all that is required under these conditions. Accordingly, humans injected in this manner, upon being inspected after three weeks or more had elapsed and compared with similar humans that had been given placebos, were completely cured of AIDS. The control group still manifested AIDS. Accordingly, the tetrasilver tetroxide device performed in concert with and in full conformity with the ultimate objects of this invention. Furthermore, three out of four wasting syndrome terminal patients and four out of the five candidiasis terminal patients were still alive in 1995 after a year and a half had elapsed from their initial injection. By that time all the AIDS patients had been released from the clinic and allowed to return home.

Other objects and features of the present invention shall become apparent to those skilled in the art when the present invention is considered in view of the accompanying examples. It should, of course, be recognized that the accompanying examples illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended as a means of defining the limits and scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Five patients afflicted with AIDS of the candidiasis etiological category were segregated for Tetrasil treatment. The rationale for selecting them was based on facts presented in an article by Peter H. Duesberg and Brian J. Ellison entitled "Is The AIDS Virus A Science Fiction?" (Policy Review, Summer 1990 pp. 40-51). Only the factual presentations of the article were utilized and the hypothesis of the authors was ignored. The facts presented in the article related to the method of selecting AIDS patients based on the five aforementioned etiological subgroups targeted by the CDC, and the evidence presented, that there is AIDS without HIV as well as with it so that an anti-viral agent in most instances will not necessarily restore the immunity system.

Evaluations with Tetrasil were conducted on AIDS patients at Lucha Contra el Sida, Comayaguela, Honduras. The patients two weeks prior to inoculation were removed from their AZT, AIDS therapy. Tetrasil was administered at approximately 40 PPM of blood volume per patient as a suspension in a proprietary buffer solution (pH=6.5), supplied by Holipharm Corporation.

The results of evaluations with candidiasis are tabulated in Table I under its disease category. All patients evaluated were terminal. Some, however, were in moderate (m) condition and others in poor (p) as designated in the Table. The I and F designations refer to initial and final values as shown. WBC indicates white cell blood count. The H column, following CD 8, indicates whether hepatomegaly occurred. This was an unfortunate consequence of the treatment which resulted in enlarged livers in all patients except the second one. Despite hepatomegaly, there was no interference with liver function.

The onset of hepatomegaly was not spontaneous and varied from patient to patient, being in the range of 4-16 days.

It should also be noted that shortly after injection of Tetrasil there were indications of fever (symbolized by T in the Ag.sub.4 O.sub.4 column), sometimes accompanied by fatigue (F). The body temperature was invariably 38.5.degree. C. (101.3.degree. F.). This was indicative of restoration of the immune response of the body, since normally the body will destroy pathogens when the immune system is functional by raising the temperature. The patient who died; first responded favorably to Diflucan, which previously gave no response. He was cured of his candidiasis, but unfortunately succumbed to his previous body damage. All the other candidiasis syndrome people who previously did not respond to the indicated medications subsequently responded after the Tetrasil treatment. Further evidence of the recovery of the AIDS patients manifested itself 30 days after the initial injection when white blood cell counts were taken. They are shown in Table I under the WBC column, which gives the initial and final WBC. All candidiasis patients showed a dramatic increase in their white blood cell counts, indicative of the restoration of their immunity systems.

--------------------------------

4. In your letter to me, dated 12/02/02, you opened with "Needless to say that when I read your e-mail sent to Tivian, I was very disappointed." Well, imagine how the hundreds of millions of people infected with, in constant excruciating pain, and dying from being infected with the AIDS/HIV virus feel, while you people seem to be 'dilly dallying' around there with the cure - which they can't get. Particularly when all you ever needed to do was to keep me updated, without my having to chase you down, return my phone calls to your office, or simply e-mail me with some plausible explanation that I could pass on to the people inquirihg to me.

5. And lastly, in the last sentence of your letter of 12/02/02 you wrote to me "If you wish to talk to me, do so ASAP that I might know where you (sic) head is at concerning future relations with you." In response to which I called the Marantech office again on 12/06/02 and was told "She's not in today." And still have not heard a word from anyone there as of right now.

- So that you can "...know where..." my head is concerning this matter and "...future relations..." - my head, heart and mind is the same place it has been all along in trying to assist people who need Tetrasil to get it. I'm very busy here at YOUtopia INstitute with numerous projects and endeavors, with the priority of helping as many as we can get the information and assistance they need to heal spiritually, mentally and physically. I AM not going to ignore those who seek information from us, and therefore will reply to any inquiries with the best true, accurate and up to date information that I have available to me at any given time, including the forwarding of copies of this e-mail.

One of the most baffling things about all of this is, how is it that you seem to be the only person in the Marantech office, which seems to have 4-5 people, and of the six billion people on this planet, that anyone can contact to try to get the nontoxic treatment/cure for HIV/AIDS of Tetrasil - or even, simply and truthfully, the current and/or future availability???

Do the best YOU CAN.

Straight ahead, albeit in a Spiraling sort of way -
ALL Faith, supported by Knowledge, PROTECTS
Rama Demetrius Dyushambee, DD
AKA INspector Out Rageous, Cosmic Detective
Founder, http://www.youtopiainstitute.org/
Tel: 619/584-0542 Fax:619/269-4561

----------------------------------

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

-----------------------------

San Diego, CA. - January 24, 2002 (YOUtopia INstitute)-With the fact in mind that genuine "Faith Based Initiative" is crucially important, we are convinced that the matter is far too important to wait for "The President" and the US Congress to pass some legislation and allocate some money. Our non-profit, spiritual priority YOUtopia INstitute is moving forward to help neutralize the most sinister and devastating bioterrorism attack on the human species in the history of humankind on this earth.

BACKGROUND for helping as many people as we can, who are infected with the AIDS/HIV virus, to receive the non-toxic therapy of TETRASIL/Imusil, tested and USTetrasilPatent applied for as a "Method of curing AIDS..."

1. Boyd E. Graves, J.D. who was infected with the AIDS/HIV virus ten years ago, now dubbed “The Alpha Man,” for having been, officially, the first AIDS/HIV infected person from the US to receive an injection of Tetrasil, on November 19, 2001.

a. Laura and Rama are witnesses to the remarkable and incredible, overnight and on going, improvement in Dr. Graves’ energy level and physical appearance.

b. Upon returning to Cleveland, Ohio after taking the injection of Tetrasil, Graves had tests done at the Cleveland Veteran’s Administration Hospital. Those test results showed that after two weeks his T cell count had increased by 74%, and that his "blood pressure rate was that of a 25 year old."

c. Three months later the improvement in his physical health, in general, as well as his relief from years of constant pain, extremely low vitality and energy level continues. He's now doing a little jogging, playing a bit of tennis and doing one armed push ups.

Our priority goals, plans and intentions have to do with the practical application of available solutions for the major problems effecting human kind and the over all desirable quality of life on Earth/Gaia. Inclusive of providing liaison to people infected with AIDS/HIV to receive the intravenous Imusil/Tetrasil therapy.

Also, a Tetrasil topical ointment has been developed, and produced the results, for a wide range of health problems from Atopic Dermatitis through Treatment of [Basal] Cell Carcinoma, psoriasis, and much more found at the following link:

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For more specific information on 'The Science of Performance,' availability of outpatient clinical program - therapeutic treatment, cost and so on, E-mail The Cosmic Detective, and/or telephone - fax numbers below.

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Heroine & Hero among us: Robin & Vincent Rabbi & Consciousness Frontiersman

YOUtopia INstitute
4064 Monroe Ave. #C
San Diego, California 92116
Telephone: 619/584-0542
Fax: 619/269-4561

Last updated September 14, 2002.
Rama Demetrius Dyushambee, AKA: http://youtopiainstitute.org/TheCosmicDetective@YOUtopiaINstitute.org

Dr. Boyd Graves' research into the origin of the virus that causes AIDS, HIV, is important. His efforts have led to the discovery of a flowchart, created by the Special Virus Cancer Program (SVCP), that clearly shows that the research efforts of moving leukemia, lymphoma, and sarcoma viruses from lower species into primate and human cells in a 15 year period (1962-1978) was not accidental. Indeed, the flowchart reveals the systematic plan to examine many of these agents in the context of how, specifically, these agents would affect human immunology . . .Graves' research into the funding of the project, federal laws associated with the project, and his dogged pursuit of answers from authorities in the field and their associated Federal agencies is unparalleled. His legal actions to bring this matter to a head are important in that it will only be through legal means and subsequent Congressional review that this information will see the light of day. . . In this regard, then, Dr. Graves' efforts are at the core of finding the true origin of this global pandemic.

Robert E. Lee, M.S., M.S.W., L.C.S.W. March 12, 2001
Author: AIDS: An Explosion of the Biological Time-bomb?

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"Dear Ed, Congratulations ! You are on the right path. Many of us greatly appreciate your excellent research !!!! Best Regards"

Dr. Bruce W. Halstead M.D. Director World Life Research Institute February 22, 2001

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“State Origin: The Evidence of the Laboratory Birth of AIDS' the new book by author Boyd Ed Graves’ relays his trials and tribulations as the lead plaintiff for the people against the forces that wield global genocide. Lawyer Graves is the lead investigator of the “Special Virus Cancer Program” flow chart. . . Give support and attention to these history making efforts.”

Dr. Leonard G. Horowitz, author of "Emerging Viruses AIDS & Ebola Nature, Accident or Intentional?" 12.17.2000

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"Although the "Special Virus" (SVCP) 'Flow Chart' is seemingly structured in such a manner that the world would not immediately recognize the real purpose of this officially sanctioned U.S. Federal Program, one has to ask oneself WHY was the flow chart even structured in the first instances??? If AIDS is not deactivated, within 66 years there will be no blacks in Africa."

Dr. Basil E. Wainright, Physicist & Three Time Nobel Nominee

Nairobi, Kenya November 2, 1999

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Boyd Ed Graves simply brought a government document (1971 AIDS Flow Chart) to court.and demanded an investigation. The government knows well what is in that document and that it was not meant for public consumption. . .His accusations are not made lightly or out of bitterness. . .He is a patriotic American . . . everything he has told me is verifiable in government document libraries.

Dr. Vincent Gammil, Chemist August 8, 1999

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"Without a doubt, the Special Virus Cancer Program Flowchart and its respective Progress Reports clearly establish The United States of America's creation of the AIDS hybrid virus, internal toxic lipoprotein and the mycoplasm packaging unit. It's no coincidence that The Who's Who of AIDS from Dr. Mathilde Krim, Dr. Garth Nicholson to Dr. Robert Gallo were contractors involved. That the major media overlooked this early attempt at gene therapy using specific cell membrane receptors, is unacceptable. That the global population was misled to AIDS is a crime against humanity. . . The Silence Must Be Broken."

Dr. Dean Loren, Esq.
Nuclear Chemist, Attorney and Television Producer of Jewish World January 12, 2001

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"The POZ article was a pathetic piece of reporting. The author jumped all over the place -- HIV dissenters, Kemron, etc, -- rather than concentrating on the important evidence that Ed Graves has collected on the man-made origin of AIDS. . . .POZ wanted to do a "whitewash" of this AIDS is man-made story. POZ can now say they covered the story (albeit unfairly) and continue to be the premier pimp AIDS magazine for the HIV drug industry. . . In short, Ed was "set up" -- pathetically by a Black reporter. . .What could be more "politically correct"????? Is there a "Movie of the Week" here????"

Alan Cantwell, Jr., M.D.
author of AIDS and the Doctors of Death and Queer Blood.
December 5, 2000
Hollywood, California

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"Dear Mr. Graves: Thank you many times for your courageous sharing of the truth about beginning of AIDS. You deserve many Congressional Medals of Honor! Thank you for the two videos and information over the internet. God bless and comfort you with His love and mercy."

Joe Spenner 2/10/01

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Dr. Graves I would like to commend you on your tireless effort to inform the uninformed people of the world to the true origin of the AIDS virus and the role that the United States of America played in its' creation. I was shocked to view the opinion of the CBC as to how they view the AIDS problem. Keep up the good work!

Sincerely,

Anthony J. Lawrence Sr. March 10, 2001

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"Once you get a map, you can probably get there . . .Go Mr. Graves . . .Go!"

Lee Datts, JR. March 8, 2001

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"We seem to have some pretty solid evidence on several fronts now that either a specific wipe out policy exists or that perhaps even more sinister who cares as long as we make lots of money is the only driving force. Thus, we have AIDS introduced, drugs that don't work, vaccines that kill, food additives that subvert. All you have to remember is that no matter how big, how successful, if you build a house of cards, one day it will fall down. Keep up the good work on the source of the AIDS, but I ask also spread hope, know this and other terrors can and other terrors can and are being cured. Best Regards."

Captain Richard Gibas, Malaysia October 2000

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"After faithfully serving the United States - in military uniform - for over 23 years, my eyes FINALLY opened! American racism (institutionalized or not) is ingrained in the very fabric of its"democracy." No, it is NOT difficult for me to (now) believe that theAmerican government "invented" the AIDS virus to help eradicate its African-American (and OTHER unwanted) population. I invite your attention to my book (albeit a totally different subject) -http://www.inthecar.com-- which, because of my authorship, has "made" me literally unemployed and unemployable for over 5 years! "

Lonnie F. Dewitt

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MY BROTHER BOYD,

THANK YOU FOR INFORMING THE COMMUNITY REGARDING THE ORIGINS OF HIV/AIDS. I HAVE WORKED WITH THE PRISON POPULATION AS A VOLUNTEER FOR 20 YEARS AND I DID HEAR ABOUT THIS, BUT NEVER WITH THE INFORMATION YOU ARE GIVING. AND I WANT YOU TO KNOW THAT YOU HAVE SUPPORT, AND NOW IS THE TIME. IF NOT NOW! WHEN? IF NOT US! WHO?

QUEEN MAKEDA 1/13/01

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"Give 'em hell, Boyd!" Love your web-site; I always knew you'd be doing great things!"

Stan Battles March 11, 2001

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"Read your submission on Mr. Graves. Thank you for such a much needed
article. We need to know the truth in life. . . His fight for
justice is paramount to the honest work that each of us must do for the
creation of a foundation to base our humanity on. We must wake up and be about the business of living in truth. Keep me posted about the book and other information. I will forward this information to others."

Thank-you again. Ashe', Florence Rozier

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"I am sure you will give Boyd my congratulations. I am sure he is thrilled
and he deserves this and much more for all his valiant efforts for mankind.
It does not matter that he is trying to save the black race. In doing so he
helps us all. This is not a black or a gay disease it is designed for the
decimation of mankind."

Shiela Schultz December 2000

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"Dear Mr. Bales, Thank you for your letter. Thank you, also, for your efforts to help unravel the truth about HIV. I, too, have studied the subject matter for a number of years now. I have read "Emerging Viruses", as well as other books and articles on the subject of the artificial origen of the "virus". Mr. Graves is fortunte to have you for a colleague and champion. Best regards,"

Carl McCoy
Nashua, NH

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"THNKS"

ADISA

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"I hear your passion and concern with this on-going "slaughter" and all I can suggest is that you continue in a good way getting your message across. Godspeed."

Spencer Rowe

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"(President) Clinton has recently issued a presidential pardon for Dr. Robert Gallo of the Sloan Kettering Cancer Institue for any deeds done while in their employment. Gallo was the virologist working on monkey viruses. Dr. Peter Duesberg was working on chicken viruses. We both know where this research ended up."

Mike from Dallas, TX

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"It is a forgone conclusion that the master plan is to not only eradicate the African population, but to also systematically throw the entire continent into chaos. This is done by creating, and in fact arming & inciting conflicts & genocide, impairing the ability to build an infrastructure, as well as overburdening governments with debt they cannot service let alone repay the principal. . . At all costs the system is to retard self determination & self dependence, while assisting in the corruption & temptation of the African leadership.

The end result is bondage & servitude, masquerading as foreign aid and loans. The goal is to control the vital natural resources of not only the African continent, but the world with their insatiable appetite. We must not be quiet o rlook the other way when evil is preying upon humanity, as the horrific days of nazi Germany."

Bob Shulman
January 3, 2001

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It is time to put all the information together and present it to the World Court. Then as a world mass making the right noise let's see what happens!

Ray Emery March 10, 2001

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"I find this very intriguing and very believable. I wish there was something I could do to help get this information out to the public, especially in rural areas like where I live."

J. Jennings

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"God's speed, and God Bless."
mother of a sick dying gulfwar veteran

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"Graves has an encyclopedic mind. He can pull numbers out of the air from reports he read 20 years ago. . ."

“The plan appears to have been to wipe out any RPF ally or potential ally, and thus raise the costs and limit the possibility of an RPF/Tutsi takeover… No end to the unprecedented bloodshed is yet in sight.” (US Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Intelligence Assessment, "Roots of the Violence in Rwanda”, April 29, 1994)

As the killing intensified, the international community deserted Rwanda. Western nations landed troops in Rwanda or Burundi in the first week to evacuate their citizens, did so, and left. The UN mission (UNAMIR), created in October 1993 to keep the peace and assist the governmental transition in Rwanda, sought to intervene between the killers and civilians. It also tried to mediate between the RPF and the Rwandan army after the RPF struck from Rwanda to protect Tutsi and rescue their battalion encamped in Kigali as part of the Accord. On April 21, 1994, the United Nations Security Council, at the behest of the United States—which had no troops in Rwanda—Belgium, and others, voted to withdraw all but a remnant of UNAMIR. The Security Council took this vote and others concerning Rwanda even as the representative of the genocidal regime sat amongst them as a non-permanent member. After human rights, media, and diplomatic reports of the carnage mounted, the UN met and debated and finally arrived at a compromise response on May 16. UNAMIR II, as it was to be known, would be a more robust force of 5,500 troops. Again, however, the world failed to deliver, as the full complement of troops and materiel would not arrive in Rwanda until months after the genocide ended. Faced with the UN’s delay, but also concerned about its image as a former patron and arms supplier of the Habyarimana regime, France announced on June 15 that it would intervene to stop the killing. In a June 22 vote, the UN Security Council gave its blessing to this intervention; that same day, French troops entered Rwanda from Zaire. While intending a wider intervention, confronted with the RPF’s rapid advance across Rwanda, the French set up a “humanitarian zone” in the southwest corner of Rwanda. Their intervention succeeded in saving tens of thousands of Tutsi lives; it also facilitated the safe exit of many of the genocide’s plotters, who were allies of the French.

On July 4, the RPF took the capital, Kigali; two weeks later, it announced a new government comprised of RPF leaders and ministers previously selected for the transition government called for in the Arusha Accord. With the RPF’s takeover, and with the encouragement of extremist radio, Rwandans implicated in the slaughter, their relatives and those who feared the arrival of the RPF, fled to neighboring countries. In the end, the extremists killed nearly one million Rwandans, approximately one-tenth of the population. Were it not for the RPF’s military prowess, the genocide would have continued.

Despite overwhelming evidence of genocide and knowledge as to its perpetrators, United States officials decided against taking a leading role in confronting the slaughter in Rwanda. Rather, US officials confined themselves to public statements, diplomatic demarches, initiatives for a ceasefire, and attempts to contact both the interim government perpetrating the killing and the RPF. The US did use its influence, however, at the United Nations, but did so to discourage a robust UN response (Document 4 and Document 13). In late July, however, with the evidence of genocide littering the ground in Rwanda, the US did launch substantial operations—again, in a supporting role—to assist humanitarian relief efforts for those displaced by the genocide.

Document 1
Facsimile from Maj. Gen. Romeo Dallaire, Force Commander, United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda, to Maj. Gen. Maurice Baril, United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, “Request for Protection for Informant”, January 11, 1994.
Source: US House of Representatives, Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights, “Hearing: Rwanda: Genocide and the Continuing Cycle of Violence”, May 5, 1998

In this notorious “genocide fax” (originally published in The New Yorker), Gen. Dallaire warns UN peacekeeping officials—Maj. Gen. Maurice Baril, the military adviser to Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, and Kofi Annan, who at the time was Under Secretary General for PKO (peacekeeping operations) and is now UN Secretary General—of the existence of arms caches, a plot to assassinate Belgian UN peacekeepers and Rwandan members of parliament, and the existence of lists of Tutsis to be killed. Dallaire informs New York of his intention to raid the caches, but foreshadowing later developments, Annan and DPKO official Iqbal Riza refuse the request, citing UNAMIR’s limited mandate. Instead, they order Dallaire to apprise the president of Rwanda of the informant’s allegations, despite the fact that the arms caches and assassination plan are the work of those close to the president. On April 7, the day after the shoot down of the President’s plane, members of the Presidential Guard carry out this plan, torturing, killing, and mutilating 10 Belgian soldiers in the UN contingent protecting the Prime Minister, who was also their target. As foreseen by the plan’s authors, Belgium quickly withdrew their contingent from UNAMIR, breaking the backbone of the force. Within two weeks, the UN Security Council voted to reduce UNAMIR to a token presence, removing the last impediment to the slaughter.

Document 2
Memorandum from Prudence Bushnell, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of African Affairs, through Peter Tarnoff, Under Secretary for Political Affairs, to Secretary of State Warren Christopher, “Death of Rwandan and Burundian Presidents in Plane Crash Outside Kigali”, April 6, 1994. Limited Official Use
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by the US Department of State

Bushnell, the State Department’s number two official for Africa matters, who would lead the State Department’s initial day-to-day efforts during the genocide, advises Secretary of State Warren Christopher of the assassination of Rwandan president Habyarimana and Burundian president Ntaryamira. Bushnell alerts Christopher that “widespread violence” is likely upon the death of the president. Ominously, she reports that “the military intend(s) to take over power temporarily”, and that they are “very resistant to working with the current (interim) Prime Minister”. Indeed, the Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyama, a member of the opposition MDR party, will be assassinated by members of the Presidential Guard the following day.

Document 3
Memorandum from Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Middle East/Africa, through Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, to Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, “Talking Points On Rwanda/Burundi”, April 11, 1994. Confidential.
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by the Office of the Secretary of Defense

This document—apparently produced as a briefer for a dinner between Under Secretary Frank Wisner, the third ranking official at the Pentagon, and former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger—shows the Pentagon’s candid assessment about events in Rwanda only five days after the shoot down of the Rwandan president’s plane. Pentagon Africa analysts conclude: if the peace process fails, “a massive bloodbath (hundreds of thousands of deaths) will ensue”; the “UN will likely withdraw all forces”; and the US will not get involved “until peace is restored”. That these shocking details are offered as dinner conversation reveals the extent to which Pentagon analysts accepted it as inevitable.

Document 4
US Department of State, cable number 099440, to US Mission to the United Nations, New York, “Talking Points for UNAMIR Withdrawal”, April 15, 1994. Confidential.
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by Department of State

This telegram forwards Department of State guidance to the US Mission to the UN in New York instructing US diplomats there that “the international community must give highest priority to full, orderly withdrawal of all UNAMIR personnel as soon as possible.” Advising that this withdrawal does not require a UN Security Council resolution—which would have likely focused international criticism—the Department instructs the mission “that we will oppose any effort at this time to preserve a UNAMIR presence in Rwanda.” April 15 was the first of two days of UN Security Council debate on next steps in Rwanda—for which the Rwandan ambassador was present and about which he reported back to the interim government in Rwanda. Over that same weekend, aware the UN Security Council was in retreat, the interim Council of Ministers, the genocide’s architects, met in Kigali and decided to take the program of extermination to the rest of the country.

Document 5
Press Release, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, “Statement by the Press Secretary”, April 22, 1994. Non-classified.
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by the Department of State

Many consider this statement by the White House—done at the urging of Human Rights Watch—as the penultimate US initiative during the genocide. In naming and calling on four Rwandan military leaders to “end the violence”, it is probably the sole example of high-level attention—however brief—trained on officials involved in the genocide.

Document 6
Discussion Paper, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Middle East/Africa Region, Department of Defense, May 1, 1994. Secret.
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by Office of the Secretary of Defense

A product of an intra-agency process comprised of working level Pentagon action officers with expertise in African affairs, humanitarian and refugee affairs, public affairs, and special operations, and also officials of the Joint Staff’s Strategic Plans and Policy division, this memo for the record provides an inside glimpse at the various goals, options and tactics discussed at a meeting of officials charged with day-to-day responsibility for the Rwanda crisis. It is filled with cautions against the US becoming committed to action. Genocide comes up in the discussion: “Be Careful. Legal at State was worried about this yesterday—Genocide finding could commit USG to “do something”.

Document 7
US Department of State, cable number 113672, to US Embassy Bujumbura and US Embassy Dar es Salaam, “DAS Bushnell Tells Col. Bagosora to Stop the Killings”, April 29, 1994. Limited Official Use.
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by the Department of State

State Department officials at the working level contacted Rwandan officials regularly to urge an end to the killing—to little effect. In this cable, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Prudence Bushnell challenges Col. Theoneste Bagosora, cabinet director in Rwanda’s Ministry of Defense and the coordinator of the genocide, as to who is responsible for the massacres. Ironically, his call for a cease-fire echoes the US call for the same, albeit for very different reasons. The telegram also highlights the US government’s pre-occupation with returning to a “peace process”, when much of Rwanda is littered with corpses.

Document 8
Memorandum for the Vice President, et. al., “PDD 25: U.S. Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations”, May 3, 1994. Confidential with Secret attachment.
Source: Mandatory Declassification Review release by the National Security Council

Document 9
White paper, Department of State, “The Clinton Administration’s Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations”, May 1994. Non-classified.
Source: Mandatory Declassification Review release by the National Security Council

Presidential Decision Directive 25 guides US government policy on peacekeeping operations, setting forth criteria that must be met before US participation can occur. The document stipulates three different sets of criteria depending on the anticipated level of engagement. One of the most controversial policy documents of the Clinton Administration’s first term, this directive was under development for more than a year, and during the review was the subject of bureaucratic infighting, leaks to the press, and strong Congressional criticism. While much information in the directive itself remains classified, the State Department issued an executive summary as a “white paper”, which spells out the thresholds and criteria for US involvement in peace operations.

Document 10
Memorandum from Under Secretary of Defense for Policy to Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security, National Security Council, “Rwanda: Jamming Civilian Radio Broadcasts”, May 5, 1994. Confidential.
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by the Office of the Secretary of Defense

As the carnage continued and a robust response by the US or others was not forthcoming, human rights groups, members of Congress, and others urged the Clinton Administration to counter or “jam” extremist radio broadcasts in Rwanda. These broadcasts spread fear amongst the Rwandan populace, urged participation in the killing, shamed those who sought not to participate, and in many cases, specifically named and provided the whereabouts of those to be killed. As such, the radio broadcasts were essential to the fulfillment of the program of extermination. In this memo, Frank Wisner, the number three official at the Pentagon, acknowledges internal discussions about the feasibility of countering the hate radio. He replies to Sandy Berger, the deputy to National Security Adviser Tony Lake, that undertaking the initiative to “jam” the radio would be “ineffective and expensive”; a “wiser” activity would be to assist the “relief effort”.

Document 11
Defense Intelligence Report, Defense Intelligence Agency, “Rwanda: The Rwandan Patriotic Front’s Offensive”, May 9, 1994. Secret/NOFORN (not releasable to foreign nationals).
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by the Defense Intelligence Agency

Produced one month into the genocide, this report declares that “Almost immediately after President Habyarimana was killed, in Kigali the Presidential Guard began the systematic execution of prominent Tutsi and moderate Hutu” and that the violence is “directed by high-level officials within the interim government”. It identifies the army as pursuing a “genocide …to destroy the leadership of the Tutsi community.” In contrast to many of the public statements of US officials at the time, this analysis shows that the government did discern between the planned slaughter of civilians and the renewed warfare between the Rwandan armed forces and the rebel RPF.

Document 12
Memorandum of Conversation, Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Middle East/Africa Region, Department of Defense, “Rwanda Interagency Telecon”, drafted by Lt. Col. Michael Harvin, circa May 11, 1994. Secret.
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by the Office of the Secretary of Defense

This memorandum serves as a vivid account of the differing perspectives and postures of the players engaged in the response to the crisis in Rwanda, complete with exclamation marks indicating the memo drafter’s incredulity at a participant’s remarks. The interagency teleconference on Rwanda occurred daily, serving an information exchange function and an option vetting function. Attending from the Pentagon side at this meeting are officials from the Middle East/Africa office, the peacekeeping/peace enforcement office, and the office of the Assistant Secretary for Special Operations & Low Intensity Conflict, in addition to military members of the Joint Staff. This report demonstrates the gulf between the views of the State Department and National Security Council officials and the views of Pentagon and military officials: “the meeting degenerated into a NSC/State attempt to sign-up the Principals to support a Chapter VII operation wearing Chapter VI sheep’s clothing, with OSD and Joint Staff in stiff opposition.” In translation, this refers to NSC and State representatives’ efforts to persuade senior Pentagon officials and the Joint Chiefs of Staff to agree to “peace enforcement” (read possible combat operations) in Rwanda, rather than waiting in vain for a ceasefire that will not come in order to do “peacekeeping”.

Document 13
US Department of State, cable number 127262, to US Mission to the United Nations, New York, “Rwanda: Security Council Discussions”, May 13, 1994. Confidential.
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by the Department of State

Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Peter Tarnoff and senior officials, including the Director of the Joint Staff, drafted and approved this cable delivering instructions to the US Mission in New York for Security Council debate over replenishing UNAMIR. With much of the killing completed and most of the remaining armed forces fleeing the RPF’s countrywide advance, US officials argue against a UN plan for a robust effort launched into Kigali to protect surviving Rwandans, rescue others, and deliver assistance. Such a plan, “in current circumstances, would require a Chapter VII mandate”, and the US “is not prepared at this point to lift heavy equipment and troops into Kigali”. It is however, willing to consider its own plan, “outside-in”, by which protective zones would be established on Rwanda’s borders. Even this plan, however, is likely to be “an active protection operation requiring the use of lethal force.” As for the several thousand Rwandans in Kigali under deteriorating UN protection, “we recommend that these ad hoc protective efforts should continue until a suitable alternative arrangement can be ensured.” Even when a plan for 5,500 troops with a protection mandate is finally approved on May 17, the troops would not all be in place until September, two months after the RPF captures the country and one month after Gen. Dallaire completed his service in Rwanda.

Document 14
Action memorandum from Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs George E. Moose, Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor John Shattuck, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs Douglas J. Bennet, and Department of State Legal Adviser Conrad K. Harper, through Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Peter Tarnoff and Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs Tim Wirth, to Secretary of State Warren Christopher, “Has Genocide Occurred in Rwanda?”, May 21, 1994. Secret.
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by the Department of State

The internal debate over whether genocide was occurring in Rwanda in 1994 and US officials’ use of the term began nearly as soon as the killing began. Nevertheless, Department of State officials refrained from characterizing it as such for weeks. While on June 10 Secretary of State Warren Christopher finally publicly called the Rwandan slaughter “genocide”, on May 21 he had authorized Department officials—“in light of the stark facts in Rwanda”—to use the formulation “acts of genocide have occurred” and authorized delegations to agree to resolutions using various formulations of the term. The memo argues for consistency with the use of the term with relation to Bosnia. A previous memo dated May 16, sought approval to use the term “genocide has occurred”, but this formulation didn’t hold. Interestingly, the principal officials here find no legal obligation in the use of either formulation; but in avoiding use of the “genocide label”, US “credibility will be undermined with human rights groups and the general public”.

Document 15
Memorandum from Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Research Toby T. Gati to Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs George Moose and Department of State Legal Adviser Conrad Harper, “Rwanda – Geneva Convention Violations”, circa May 18, 1994. Secret/ORCON (originator controlled).
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by the Department of State

This intelligence analysis, prepared for Secretary Christopher’s decision as to use of the genocide label, finds “substantial, circumstantial evidence implicating senior Rwandan government and military officials in the widespread, systematic killing” of Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The RPF, “unlike government forces”, “does not appear to have committed Geneva Convention defined genocidal atrocities.” The analysts report that between “200,000 to 500,000” are dead. It also finds it credible that “Hutu elements in the military” “killed Habyarimana in order to block” the power-sharing Arusha Accords and “eliminate the Tutsi-dominated RPF and sympathetic Hutus”.

Document 16
Draft Legal Analysis, Office of the Legal Adviser, Department of State, drafted by Assistant Legal Adviser for African Affairs Joan Donoghue, May 16, 1994. Secret.
Source: Freedom of Information Act release by the Department of State

This legal analysis, like the preceding intelligence analysis, was prepared for Secretary of State Christopher’s decision concerning the public use of the term “genocide” to describe events in Rwanda. In analyzing the applicability of definitions from the Genocide Convention of 1948 to the events in Rwanda, the assistant legal adviser finds that there is “little question” that genocidal acts have occurred in Rwanda; finds that “most of those killed in Rwanda have been Tutsi civilians”; and finds that “acts have apparently been committed with the requisite intent to destroy, in whole or in part, the Tutsi group”. She also argues that ascertaining an accurate figure for numbers of deaths “is not critical to this analysis” that genocide has occurred.

__________________________
More on the Rwanda Genocide
The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994
Information, Intelligence and the U.S. Response
The U.S. and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994
The Assassination of the Presidents and the Beginning of the "Apocalypse"

Haunted by a History of Genocide, Rwanda and Burundi have danced a Tortured Tango of Terror since Emerging from Colonial Rule over three Decades Ago

These two countries in the heart of Africa have danced a tortured tango of terror since emerging from colonial rule over three decades ago. Hutu persecution of Tutsis in Rwanda has set the stage for Tutsi persecution of Hutus in Burundi and vice versa with the seeming inevitability of a classic tragedy. Violent death has become a way of life.

The latest eruption of violence in Burundi, in late March and early April, has been relatively minor on the scale of Tutsi-Hutu carnage. Tutsi militia killed a few hundred Hutus in ``ethnically cleansing'' most of the capital, Bujumbura. A small attack on Rwandan Hutu refugees in northern Burundi led 55,000 of them to flee again, this time toward Tanzania. But Tanzania, already host to about 750,000 refugees from Rwanda and Burundi, closed its border.

Whether this will be the precursor to another round of massive killings or just another of many ugly footnotes in the lengthy history of Tutsi-Hutu horror in anybody's guess.

The situation in Rwanda, meanwhile, is also ominous. The defeated Hutu army and militia, which in April last year killed an estimated 500,000 Tutsis, await their chance to return to power.

How did these two small, remote, countries get into this situation of unremitting terror, never far from the brink of another genocidal abyss?

There are no easy answers. Perhaps there are no rational answers. But we can look to history to illuminate the tragedy. COLLAPSE OF THE OLD ORDER

Rwanda and Burundi existed as nations more or less within their current boundaries before they were made colonies, first by Germany in the 1890s and then by Belgium after World War I. Tutsis, a taller, cattle-herding, Nilotic people originally from northern Africa, co-existed peacefully with Hutus, a shorter, farming, Bantu people from central Africa.

Over time, Tutsis and Hutus developed a common language and culture, living geographically dispersed among one another in a political system somewhat akin both to European feudalism and Indian castes.

This system was undermined and eventually destroyed by colonization and modernization. When the colonial structure was removed, neither Rwanda nor Burundi was prepared for self-government.

This led to continuing instability, usually kept in check by military dictatorships, but always ready to erupt and often doing so. THE DEMONSTRATION EFFECT

The latest cycle of violence began with an invasion of Rwanda by primarily Tutsi exiles, which by 1993 had developed into full-blown civil war.

The April 1994 crash near Rwanda's capital of an airplane carrying the presidents of both Burundi and Rwanda (who were then involved in peace talks) set off the genocide there. The Tutsi-led rebels eventually ended it by defeating the Hutuarmy and militia, driving them into exile in neighboring countries.

And now, the troubles have started again in Burundi. WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS

Will this chain of ever-worsening violence ever be broken? It is difficult to be optimistic. It will probably continue at varying levels of intensity until one group or the other - probably the minority Tutsis - is so crushed it is eliminated as a military and political threat.

There is little we or other Western countries can reasonably do to halt this process. Military intervention, which was attempted in Somalia, would probably have similar unfortunate results. And no one wants to re-impose colonial rule.

What can we do? We can continue providing humanitarian aid. We can encourage other Africans to play a more active peacekeeping role. And we can do a better job of simply paying attention. The glare of media exposure and the force of moral suasion cannot save these people from themselves; but they are the best tools available to attempt to limit the extent of this ongoing human tragedy. MEMO: J.R. Bullington is director of the Center for Global Business and

Executive Education at Old Dominion University. He was formerly a U.S.

ambassador and career diplomat.

ILLUSTRATION: REUTERS COLOR PHOTO

Hutu civilians walk across the bridge marking the border between

Burundi and Zaire on March 27. Because of a heavy military presence

in the capital, thousands fled their homes.

The United Nations Population Fund would like us to believe that it is a benign process of 'voluntary' application of 'family planning' to control the 'rate of growth' of the world's 'sustainable' population within 'manageable' levels in relation to the amount of 'food' and 'consumable goods' the earth can produce. That is as far from the truth as the divide between the very richest and the very poorest people on this planet.

The truth is that population control is the process by which Global Europe (whites, Caucasians, Aryans) seeks to guarantee its perpetual domination of the rest of the human race because of its own fear of annihilation. According to Dr. Frances Cress-Welsing, it is this fear based on the fact of their numerical minority status and their low level of surface melanin, which drives them to commit the most atrocious crimes against humanity, in particular, the most feared nation of all, Global Africa (Black people).

Is it true that the world is over crowded and moving towards an unsustainable population level?

No. Absolutely not. Overcrowding can be measured by one method only, that is whether there are too many people to fit in the space available. The most densely populated continent area in the world is Europe, (see GAP News #7, Population Figures), but do Europeans think there are too many people in Europe? Of course not. But they believe there are too many African and Asian people in Europe. That is not overcrowding that is racism.

What about all those starving Africans? If they can't feed themselves surely, there must be too many of them.

No, that is not the case. Those "starving Africans", Asians and other "Third World" peoples produce most of the world's surplus food. Most of the food they produce are luxury or raw, unprocessed goods which are sold cheaply as exports and re-imported as expensive processed foods.

The main reason though, why there appears to be not enough food to go around is not because the so-called third world cannot feed itself, it is because Global Europe, less than 25% of the world's population uses or wastes over 80% of the worlds food goods (consumables) but produces less than 15% of it. So the "third world" make up 75% of the world's population, produce 85% of the world's consumables and consume less than 20% of all that is consumed. If they consumed as much as they produced, Global Europe would be dying of starvation, not Africa.

Is the African population expanding too rapidly?

Lets look at the evidence: After being systematically depopulated for 400 years, Africa is now the least populated continent in the world with a density one-sixth of Europe's. Africa's death rate is more than twice that of Europe. To be level pegging, Africa's death rate should also be one-sixth of Europe's. When these dishonest people talk about population they make reference only to birth rate. They show that Africa's birth rate is nearly three times that of the European rate, but forget to mention that the infant mortality rate is 5 times higher in Africa.

They never talk about density except in reference to Asia or to say that "Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa". They forget to say it was a quarter the density of any country in Europe. They forget also, to tell you that in order for Africa to get to the same population density as Europe (is Europe overpopulated?) the African birth-rate has to be more than 12 times that of Europe (6 times if the death rate becomes equal) for a whole generation.

So, when they talk about "equalizing" or reducing the African birth rate, while at the same time nurturing conflict, manufacturing famine, and importing disease to increase the death rate further, you begin to get the picture. If the birth rates were made equal and everything else remained the same as they are now, each time Europe's population doubled Africa's population would be halved. The world's population may become "stabilized" as they like to say it, but the percentage ratio between the nations would continue changing to their advantage. (See GAP News #5)

It is understandable then, why Cardinal Alfonso Lopez Trujillo, a senior Vatican official cried that if the precepts of the UN Population Control Conference in Cairo were to be implemented the world would experience "the most disastrous massacre in history". He should know, it was his organization, the Roman Catholic church, which sanctified the trade in African lives, resulting in the death of over 200 million people.

Some of the liars say that deaths in war time make very little difference to the population growth because after a war birth rates usually increase to compensate. Certainly, that is true when mostly male soldiers are killed. But when two thirds of the female population are murdered, like the Rwandan slaughter, it would take 4 or 5 generations to get back to where it was before the war. And that is the key. The women.

Global Europe have done everything they could to destroy our people but we are still here and still strong. They are now trying, through an apparently limitless line of African and Asian female mercenaries, posing as leaders, to co-opt us. To convince us that regardless of our particular environmental conditions, contrary to our own community's social and economic needs, it would be in our individual interests to have fewer or no children at all.

Women have the power to determine the fertility or sterility of our nation. It is imperative that we do not allow ourselves to be misled into committing generational suicide. We carry the future of our nation in our hands. We are here because those before us gave us life. Let us give life to our children. We deserve to live.

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Ojukwu to IBB You’re overrated ...on 2007

By Eric Osagie, just back from Enugu
Sunday, January 30, 2005

Ex-Biafran leader, Ikemba Emeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu, has fired a scud missile at former military president, General Ibrahim Babangida (rtd), and all those clamouring for his preidential comeback in 2007: IBB does not have what it takes to turn things around.

In an exclusive interview with Sunday Sun at his Enugu residence, Ojukwu said: "I don’t think he (Babangida) has the exceptional qualities to be a head of state (president)."
However, he had kind words for the man IBB shore aside in a palace coup on August 27, 1985, for what he described as his rare quality of intergrity:

"There are no glue attaching pounds or naira notes to him even after being head of state," Ojukwu said of General Muhammadu Buhari (rtd).
Ojukwu also spoke on personal issues including his wife, one-time winner of the Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria pageant, Bianca, how he misses not being able to chase women again since age is fast catching up on him and sundary other issues. Excerpts:

Who is Emeka Ojukwu? How would you describe yourself? Some say rebel leader, others describe you as son of a billionaire. And then, you are also Oxford-trained historian?

They are all correct. I will add to that. I am that army officer that every Nigerian officer would want to be like, but hasn’t the courage to be. The thing that differentiates me from the army officer, the general and all of them, is that I have the courage of my convictions. And you see today, I walk into any barrack, all of us get saluted because they recognize us, but my salute is more proudful. Because they really go that extra inch [to stiffen to action].

Your life seems to me to be one of perpetual rebellion. You rebelled against your father to become a soldier, you rebelled against your fatherland…you are unorthodox, when you are supposed to be conservative, going by your wealthy background.

How did you come about that streak?
There is one thing you didn’t add. I also was educated. It is education that heightens your perception. It is education that sharpens your commitment. Rebel? Yes, I suppose you can call it that if for example, my father were a thief, and because I wanted not to be a thief, I wanted to be a lawyer, I would be a rebel, wouldn’t I? So, the thing is the epithet rebel, is so easy and in the Nigerian sense really, I wonder who is a rebel? I never rebelled against any army officer. No. I indicated an opinion and defended that opinion. That was all. Rebel? No. I have never plotted a coup against anybody in my life.

So, you never plotted a coup all the time you were in the army?
No. Certainly not me. My training didn’t permit that. If I can remember, as an instructor, I always say to my students that as young officers, the cadets, that sooner than later you will be confronted with this dilemma. Your nation will appear to be in chaos, you will find yourself with the arms in your hands paid for by the nation. I won’t tell you what choice to make. That’s not my duty. But I want you to remember at all stages that when you mount a coup de tat, the stakes are very high, only as high as the gallows when you
lose. That is it. And I have always lived by that. You can try it, but if you fail…

You were at Oxford University?
Yes, I was.

How did Oxford change your world view?
I had a world view before going to Oxford. I was at Epsom, British public school background. Yes, I enjoyed my stay in England. In Oxford, I thoroughly enjoyed myself and I thoroughly enjoyed my studies.

I understand that you didn’t pay as much attention to your studies as you ought to. Am I correct?
I don’t think you are correct. The only thing is that I did not become a swat. But do my studies, I did. I passed my exams, didn’t I?

You came back from Oxford and joined the army…
Yes, I did everything. I was a product of my generation too. In fact, I always say to our friend, Prof. Wole Soyinka, we are of the same generation, and I say ‘Please, please, don’t call me wasted, because we are not really wasted. I don’t spin English words as much as you do, but if I am asked, my generation is a pregnant one.’ Because, we’ve been very pregnant from the time we became adults, and Nigeria is still actually still waiting for us to give birth. I hope it is not too late to give birth to the new Nigeria of our dreams. That’s what we should be talking about.

Beyond civil war and all that, in this country you are also regarded as one man who married, perhaps, one of the most beautiful women in Nigeria. Is that part of the Ojukwu mystique?
I will get very angry if you say ‘perhaps’ one of the most beautiful women. Without any doubt, I have married the most beautiful woman

on the continent of Africa. Up till now, I still marvel at my own ability to pull it through.

How did you do it?
[Laughs] There must be something good in me that you don’t see.

How did you pull that coup. Certainly, that was one coup you plotted?
Oh, my God, I plotted it. Yes!

What do you do with your spare time, when you are not playing politics?
I try to read. My eyes are not so good. I am working on a system where I would be read to, and buy more books on the CD. But, actually, the thing to understand is that my hobby today is APGA. That is my hobby. Looking at it, can we make it better, fulfill the aspirations of our people and so on.

2007 is around the corner, will you run for presidency?
2007 is around the corner, am I going to be alive?

Finally, what are the things you used to do, that you no longer can?
The first one is that I can’t drive anymore, and that actually I miss. Second one, responsibility makes it that I can’t go chasing like all young men. And that again, I regret. You said something earlier, that I had fun in England. Yes, I miss fun. I find that I have to be responsible all the time. Because everything I do is so public and have to be judged. I would like, like the British say, to let my head down sometimes, without public scrutiny. I can’t. I would like to be able to. I would like to be able to walk straight into the market without closing down the market. I like to be able to go into a shop and shop for myself. That, I can’t do anymore.

That is the prisonyard of fame?
Yes.

So, fame can be a prison?
It is a prison. It is not ‘it can be’. It is a prison.

You can’t walk down your streets and no one mobbing you?
I can’t. That’s why I have a big dog, sometimes to keep people a little bit wary.

Have you had a fulfilled life when you look at the totality of everything. Minor regrets here and there, things you wished you will do differently if you had a second chance?
I find this a question which demands so much. But let me answer it. My father will be very happy today wherever he may be, somewhere in paradise, I expect. I wish I had taken his advice and had become a professional lawyer. We quarreled over that. He wanted it and I said no, I decide for myself. I’d study history. So, I regret that. I wish I had taken his advice.

Yes, I have had a fulfilled life. I enjoyed everything I have done. I enjoyed my time as an administrator. Oh, I was at the best when I was an ADO (Assistant District Officer). It was wonderful. When I became a recruit in the army, my sense of humour carried me through. It was quite fun. Then, I grew up with it. There is something I regret in Nigeria. Because I happened to be at the leadership level of the Biafran war, I have been denied all the privilege of ever being a Nigerian. You and I are talking without any rancour. But as soon as this appears in print, the comment that you will get, will be: you know he is not a Nigerian? He is anti-Nigeria. He is…

They still don’t accept you are a Nigerian?
No! Nigeria has never accepted me as a Nigerian since the war. Even now, no. I am a stateless person right now.

Why hasn’t Nigeria accepted you?
Actually, a lot of Nigerians, when they look at themselves are much less than they pretend to be. The only advantage they can call upon in dealing with me is the advantage they can summon is by presenting me as a non-Nigerian. They will always throw that up.

Of Babangida, Atiku, Marwa and the others, who would you rather support for the presidency in 2007?
Nobody is in the race yet. No party has fielded a candidate yet.

Would you support Babangida?
You know I hesitate in answering this question. I am not usually tongue-tied… I like Babangida as a person. He’s been quite good to me. But I don’t think he’s got the exceptional qualities necessary for a head of state of Nigeria. I don’t think so.

Atiku?
I really don’t know him.

Buhari?
I like him. If for nothing, I like him for what appears to be his integrity. Here is a man, he has been head of state. I look around him, I don’t see any glue that attached pounds notes or naira notes glued to his body. I see certain simplicity in his way of living, lifestyle.

Some people are predicting that 2007 will be bloody, some are seeing revolution. What do you see?
I see peace. I believe actually that the more difficult year is the one we have just entered [2005]. I think for 2007 to come, we should have resolved so many things between 2005 and 2006. Revolution? Nigerians are too soft-hearted for revolution. They will talk about it. And if there is any music in the night club where they dance revolution, they will dance to it. And if there’s fashion called revolution, they will wear it. But to come out to the real, hard revolutionary struggle, forget it. As the Yoruba will say fi mi sile o!

The great majority of spiritual traditions present in the Americas before Columbus’s arrival, has managed – by some miracle! – to preserve its roots. In other words, they were stronger than the civilizations which were here, and which soon succumbed to the conquistadors. Among them, Mexican shamanism, which is still practiced by many local tribes, is one of the most widely studied; various anthropologists have carried out serious studies about the way in which the sorcerers understood God’s presence and their spiritual search. Here are some of the aspects of this understanding of the universe, drawn from various sources:

1) The Absence of the Personal Story

In order for magical rites to pass from generation to generation, the sorcerer (shaman) must forget all he learned before his initiation into magic. According to tradition, a man or woman who is tied to his past, will in the end allow himself to be governed by his parents’ way of thinking, or that of the society in which he lives. This is why all those who are initiated choose a new name and seek to free themselves from their memories, both good and bad.

2) The Process of Forgetting

In order to abandon the story he lived in, the sorcerer spends months on end remembering in detail each of the events of his life. Some traditions require him to spend hour after hour speaking out loud to a glass filled with water, reciting everything which happened at each meeting with each person; thus, the experience is removed from the memory and enters the water – which is then thrown into a river. In this way, the head is left “empty,” and can begin to be filled with new things.

3) Interior Silence

Once free of his old thoughts, the sorcerer concentrates on his inner silence, and waits for the spirits to begin telling the true story of the Universe. This silence, together with the absence of memories of the past, gives the sorcerer the sensation of total freedom to understand a new world.

4) The Web

When he begins understanding his new universe, he enters a sort of trance, and “sees” that everything around us is a giant web of luminous fibers, all linked – in other words, it is a unique object, and part of the same energy. Sometimes, these luminous fibers are condensed in an egg shape, and this means that there is the soul of a human being. (Carlos Castaneda explains this vision very well in his book A Separate Reality).

5) The Encounter with Power

Looking at his own “egg of light”, the sorcerer notices a point, which must join with the luminous fibers capable of conducting the energy of power. This energy, although it can be used by the sorcerer, cannot be manipulated – he must know how to gently lead it to his apprenticeship. Approaching this pointing of joining up is the most difficult work during initiation, and requires silence, meditation and perseverance.

6) The Negative Energy

Some of these fibers of light conduct destructive fluid issued by other sorcerers – who seek not knowledge but control over the souls of others.

7) The “Disturbance”

There is always an event in our lives which is responsible for the fact that we ceased to progress. A trauma, an especially bitter defeat, an amorous disappointment, these all lead us towards a cowardly attitude, and we refuse to go on. The shaman, during the process of forgetting his personal history, must first free himself of this “disturbance point.”

According to Mexican sorcerers (and also, curiously, to some Buddhist thinking), death enters through the region of the navel. At this moment, the “egg of light” disintegrates, and the fibers which were there blend with the energy of the universe, until they regroup again in a new form.